{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T02:40:02Z","timestamp":1789699202195,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Sogatella furcifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      , commonly known as white\u2010backed planthopper, is a highly threatening migratory pest that feeds on rice and can transmit phytoviruses. Recently, mesoionic insecticides, exemplified by triflumezopyrim (\n                      <jats:bold>TFM<\/jats:bold>\n                      ), have proven effective in managing such pests. Nevertheless, available data indicate\u00a0that\n                      <jats:bold>TFM<\/jats:bold>\n                      remains highly toxic to ecologically important pollinators. Herein, the development of a class of pyrido[1,2\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                      ]pyrimidine\u2010based cinnamic acid analogs, their insecticidal activity, modes of action, and toxicity to bees are disclosed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 37 novel pyrido[1,2\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                      ]pyrimidine mesoionics (\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        W1\n                        <jats:italic>\u2013<\/jats:italic>\n                        W37\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      ) incorporating cinnamic amides were systematically designed, synthesized and evaluated for their insecticidal performance. Compound\n                      <jats:bold>W19<\/jats:bold>\n                      was found to be the most potent, achieving 100% mortality in\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>furcifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      at both concentrations of 100.00\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\u2009mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 10.00\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\u2009mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , with a median lethal concentration (LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of 1.34\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\u2009mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Notably, despite having a slightly higher LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      value than the positive control\n                      <jats:bold>TFM<\/jats:bold>\n                      (LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.21\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\u2009mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ),\n                      <jats:bold>W19<\/jats:bold>\n                      exhibited significantly lower acute exposure toxicity (LD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u200962.37\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g a.i.\/bee) to\n                      <jats:italic>Apis mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      in comparison to\n                      <jats:bold>TFM<\/jats:bold>\n                      (LD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.51\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g a.i.\/bee). Employing a combination of proteomics, enzyme activity testing, quantitative real\u2010time PCR and molecular docking technologies, it is proposed that\n                      <jats:bold>W19<\/jats:bold>\n                      functions as a modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). The reduced risk to honeybees is likely attributed to\n                      <jats:bold>W19<\/jats:bold>\n                      's weaker and less frequent binding to bee nAChR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study shows that leveraging cinnamic acid derivatives into the design of mesoionic insecticides is expected to lead to the discovery of more selective agrochemicals and improve their compatibility with nontarget organisms. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T04:53:56Z","timestamp":1754801636000},"page":"7793-7805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Innovative pyrido[1,2\u2010\n                    <i>a<\/i>\n                    ]pyrimidine\u2010based cinnamic acid derivatives against\n                    <i>Sogatella furcifera<\/i>\n                    with better biosafety to pollinators"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University  Guiyang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luoman","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University  Guiyang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University  Guiyang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University  Guiyang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University  Guiyang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University  Guiyang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Center for R&amp;D 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