{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:30:32Z","timestamp":1791322232233,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Phosphine (PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ) is a slow\u2010acting fumigant, therefore control of resistant insect pests requires high concentrations of 540\u20131080\u2009ppm (0.75\u20131.5\u2009g\u2009m\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n ) over long exposure periods of up to 21\u2009days. This is difficult to achieve under many practical storage conditions; hence, there is a need to enhance the toxicity of PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n , so that resistant insects can be eradicated in a shorter fumigation time. Co\u2010fumigation with PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n , along with other atmospheric gases (carbon dioxide (CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) and nitrogen (N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n )), enhances PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n toxicity in laboratory\u2010scale experiments; however, this information has not been translated into practical pest management protocols for adoption by the industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology<\/jats:title>\n \n The effectiveness of co\u2010fumigation with PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n plus two of the atmospheric gases (N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) was evaluated in fumigation chambers and commercial\u2010scale rice storage silos. Strongly PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010resistant insects of mixed life stages of key grain insect pests,\n Rhyzopertha dominica<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Tribolium castaneum<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Sitophilus oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Cryptolestes ferrugineus<\/jats:italic>\n were placed in cages inside the mini\u2010fumigation chambers or silos containing freshly milled rice grains. Fumigations were performed with currently registered application rates of PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n (0.75\u20131.5\u2009g\u2009m\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n ) in combination with selected concentrations of CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (5\u201330%) and N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (90\u201398%)\/low oxygen (O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , 5\u201310%) over a short exposure period of 4\u2009days. Test insect cages were retrieved after venting, and the effectiveness of the hypoxic fumigation was evaluated in terms of per cent mortalities of adults and progeny.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Both the pilot scale and field fumigation research confirmed that the triplet mixture, PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n 0.75\u20131.0\u2009g\u2009m\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009+\u2009high N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (90\u201395%)\u2009+\u2009CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (5\u201320%) over 4\u2009days was very effective against three strongly PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010resistant species,\n R. dominica, T. castaneum,<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S. oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n and caused complete adult and progeny mortality. However, higher concentrations of this triplet mixture, PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n 1.5\u2009g\u2009m\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009+\u2009high N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (90\u201395%)\u2009+\u2009CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (30%) over 4\u2009days was required to achieve complete mortality of adults and progeny of strongly resistant\n C. ferrugineus<\/jats:italic>\n . At both the low and high co\u2010fumigation dose rates, the required minimum effective PH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n concentrations (540\u20131080\u2009ppm) were maintained over the 4\u2010day exposure period, confirming the reliability of these rates for industrial applications. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T08:55:16Z","timestamp":1759222516000},"page":"384-394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Efficacy of phosphine (\n \n PH\n 3<\/sub>\n <\/scp>\n ) under hypoxia: pilot and industry\u2010scale trials for controlling strongly resistant stored product pests in rice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Rajeswaran","family":"Jagadeesan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Industries Ecosciences Precinct Brisbane, Dutton Park Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Environment The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Industries Ecosciences Precinct Brisbane, Dutton Park Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj K.","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Industries Ecosciences Precinct Brisbane, Dutton Park Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Tumambing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytec Australia Holdings Property Limited (SYENSQO Group) Baulkham Hills New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011019-025047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224951"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3926"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3360"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"OpitGP CollinsPJandDaglishGJ Resistance Management. 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