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In recent years, using nanomaterials to suppress crop disease damage has become a hotspot in agriculture. As an emerging nano\u2010material, nano\u2010selenium has been widely reported for improving crop growth and saving the damage caused by stresses such as pathogens and heavy metals on plants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated the control of tomato leaf mold (\n                      <jats:italic>Cladosporium fulvum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) by applying nano\u2010Se (5\/10\/25\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) on tomato seedlings and explored related mechanisms. We found: (i) Nano\u2010Se applying (especially 10\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) significantly inhibited tomato leaf mold and reduced disease severity of seedlings (52.84%, 14\u2009days after inoculation). This was because nano\u2010Se significantly promoted the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) through up\u2010regulating biosynthesis genes expression by significantly up\u2010regulating the gene expression related to MAPK cascade and calcium signaling. This thereby induced the genes expression (\n                      <jats:italic>NPR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TGA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>5<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>WRKY33<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>WRKY70<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>WRKY54<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) of SA signaling pathway, enhancing resistance\u2010genes (\n                      <jats:italic>PR1\/2\/3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) transcription and elevating antioxidant and resistance\u2010related indicator levels, ultimately activating systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tomato. Nano\u2010Se also promoted jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. In addition, metabolomic analysis indicated nano\u2010Se promoted phenolic compounds from the phenylpropane pathway (\u03b1\u2010tocopherol, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid), polyamines, GABA and various amino acids accumulation of tomato seedlings, which also supported the above results. (ii) Nano\u2010Se promoted the growth of tomato seedings by enhancing photosynthesis and increasing auxin level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to chemical fungicides, these findings suggested nano\u2010Se provided a more promising and sustainable approach for managing diseases such as leaf mold and improving tomato plant growth. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T06:36:01Z","timestamp":1758522961000},"page":"698-713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nano selenium enhanced tomato resistance to leaf mold via activating salicylic acid defense pathways and regulating metabolic profiles as well as improved plant growth"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Yuping","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agro\u2010product Safety and Nutrition Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hunan Plant Protection Institute  Changsha 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