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The MO\u2010EC formulation exhibited improving permeability, wettability, spreading, and stickiness, along with higher bioactivity and a longer efficacy period, compared with the Xylene\u2010EC formulation. The bioassay results showed that the LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values of the MO\u2010EC formulation against\n                      <jats:italic>Aphis citricola<\/jats:italic>\n                      van der Goot,\n                      <jats:italic>Mythimna separata<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Plutella xylostella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (58.11, 85.86, and 66.93\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively) were lower than those of the Xylene\u2010EC sample (82.66, 148.01, and 109.03\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively) and the TSN soluble liquid (311.22, 275.93, and 230.93\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively). Compared with the Xylene\u2010EC formulation and TSN soluble liquid, the MO\u2010EC formulation displayed a higher and longer residual control of approximately 91.32%, 85.71%, and 85.43% against\n                      <jats:italic>A. citricola<\/jats:italic>\n                      van der Goot,\n                      <jats:italic>M. separata<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>P. xylostella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively, at 10\u2009days post\u2010treatment with a dosage of 5.25\u2009g A.I\u2009hm\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Compared with the Xylene\u2010EC formulation, the higher bioactivity and longer efficacy period of MO\u2010EC formulation are attributed to optimized physicochemical properties.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MO\u2010EC formulation possesses the potential to serve as a novel and alternative chemical pesticide for sustainable agricultural pest control. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T02:11:10Z","timestamp":1760753470000},"page":"1079-1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving the control efficiency of the novel green botanical pesticide toosendanin by optimizing physicochemical 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