{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:37:26Z","timestamp":1779183446193,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic>mongolica<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a naturally susceptible host for the pine wood nematodes (PWNs,\n                      <jats:italic>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and a dominant afforestation tree species in northeastern China. With the continuous northward expansion of PWNs,\n                      <jats:italic>P. sylvestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic>mongolica<\/jats:italic>\n                      may become a critical conduit for their further expansion. To prevent pine wilt disease (PWD) from spreading\n                      <jats:italic>via P. sylvestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic>mongolica<\/jats:italic>\n                      in northeastern China, it is essential to elucidate its defense mechanisms against PWN and enhance its resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Transcriptome analysis of\n                      <jats:italic>P. sylvestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic>mongolica<\/jats:italic>\n                      following inoculation with PWNs revealed the involvement of chalcone synthase (\n                      <jats:italic>chs<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, indicating their crucial role in the interaction between\n                      <jats:italic>P. sylvestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic>mongolica<\/jats:italic>\n                      and PWN. Treatment with elicitors known to induce\n                      <jats:italic>chs<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene expression\u2014chitosan (CTS), chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), and sodium alginate (NaAlg)\u2014delayed the progression of PWD, with NaAlg exhibiting the strongest protective effect. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in the pathways related to flavonoid biosynthesis were observed following treatment with 100\u2009mg\/L NaAlg, and upregulated expressions of\n                      <jats:italic>chs<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes. This treatment also increased the abundance of key flavonoid pathway metabolites, including phloretin, chrysoeriol, and L\u2010tyrosine. However, inoculation with PWN following 100\u2009mg\/L NaAlg treatment downregulated expressions of\n                      <jats:italic>chs<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes and consumed phloretin, chrysoeriol, and L\u2010tyrosine, while promoting the accumulation of p\u2010coumaryl alcohol.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The expression of\n                      <jats:italic>chs<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes plays a critical role in the defense of\n                      <jats:italic>P. sylvestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic>mongolica<\/jats:italic>\n                      against PWN infection. Spraying 100\u2009mg\/L NaAlg solution before PWN infection activates\n                      <jats:italic>chs<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes in\n                      <jats:italic>P. sylvestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic>mongolica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , regulating the levels of L\u2010tyrosine, phloretin, chrysoeriol, and p\u2010coumaryl alcohol to enhance self\u2010resistance against PWN, thereby delaying the progression of PWD in\n                      <jats:italic>P. sylvestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic>mongolica<\/jats:italic>\n                      . \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T09:14:14Z","timestamp":1760692454000},"page":"1605-1617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sodium alginate enhances defense responses of\n                    <i>Pinus sylvestris<\/i>\n                    var.\n                    <i>mongolica<\/i>\n                    against\n                    <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/i>\n                    by regulating\n                    <i>chs<\/i>\n                    genes and flavonoid metabolites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1470-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment Heilongjiang University  Harbin China"},{"name":"College of Forestry 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