{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:04:09Z","timestamp":1788545049952,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Organic vegetable growers face significant challenges in managing plant\u2010parasitic nematodes, particularly root\u2010knot nematodes (RKN;\n                      <jats:italic>Meloidogyne<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), because of restrictions on the use of synthetic chemicals. This study evaluated the efficacy of seven commercially available Organic Materials Review Institute\u2010certified bionematicides against\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Meloidogyne incognita<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      under greenhouse and field conditions. A cucumber plasticulture field study was also conducted to compare the efficacy of four best\u2010performing bionematicides, including azadirachtin, cold\u2010pressed neem oil, thyme oil and saponins of\n                      <jats:italic>Quillaja saponaria,<\/jats:italic>\n                      identified in the greenhouse study and a chemical nematicde (oxamyl) using two application regimes: calendar\u2010based (following the product label) and nematode life\u2010cycle\u2010based (following the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>M. incognita<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      life cycle using degree\u2010days assessment).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the greenhouse study with tomato, azadirachtin and thyme oil significantly reduced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>M. incognita<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      root galling and reproduction factor (final nematode population\/initial nematode population) compared with a positive control. In the field trial with cucumber, the nematode life cycle was completed in 23\u2009days during the spring season and 24\u2009days during the fall season, accumulating 380 and 398 degree\u2010days, respectively, above a base temperature of 10\u2009\u00b0C. For calendar\u2010based applications, only azadirachtin significantly reduced nematode density, whereas for life\u2010cycle\u2010based applications, all treatments except saponins of\n                      <jats:italic>Q. saponaria<\/jats:italic>\n                      were effective. Oxamyl was more effective when applied according to the nematode life cycle than on a calendar\u2010based regime. Life\u2010cycle\u2010based applications generally outperformed calendar\u2010based applications based on numerical values, even in cases in which the differences were not significant. For the galling index, calendar\u2010based applications of azadirachtin and cold\u2010pressed neem oil reduced the galling index more than life\u2010cycle\u2010based applications at mid\u2010season. At the end of the season, only azadirachtin under the calendar\u2010based application differed significantly from the control, while all other treatments (except saponins of\n                      <jats:italic>Q. saponaria<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) had lower root galling indices than the calendar\u2010based applications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate that both application regimes can be used to manage\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>M. incognita<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in organic farming systems. Of particular significance is the novel life\u2010cycle\u2010based approach developed in this study, which may confer enhanced sustainability benefits by optimizing nematicide application timing and reducing treatment frequency, ultimately leading to a decline in soil nematode population densities. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T12:09:20Z","timestamp":1762517360000},"page":"2081-2089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A novel nematicide application method based on nematode life cycle for managing root\u2010knot nematode,\n                    <i>Meloidogyne incognita<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Denis","family":"Gitonga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology and Nematology Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Davie FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7299-7741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Hajihassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology and Nematology Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Davie FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Plant Genetics and genomics: Crops and models","author":"McCreight JD","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12081222"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2007.731.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851997278.0319"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2020-0022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHP-01-23-0005-RS"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PBIOMES-02-24-0014-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2006.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.01125"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Allelopathy in the management of plant\u2010parasitic nematodes","volume":"28","author":"Halbrendt JM","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu Rev Phytopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4447-X_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AP08072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156854102321122520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156854100509114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/138855410X494251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"New biopesticides for IPM and organic production","volume":"33","author":"William Q","year":"2011","journal-title":"IPM Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156854110X522309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Neem Oil General Fact Sheet","author":"Bond C","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12061362"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"In vitro nematicidal activity of aqueous plant extracts on Chilean populations of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato","volume":"3","author":"Insunza V","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156854105774355717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"2026","article-title":"Evaluation of biological seed treatments for the management of Rotylenchulus reniformis","volume":"20","author":"Alkarim UA","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak J Nematol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2021.105844"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-04-19-0836-RE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-05-21-0902-RE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21307\/JOFNEM-2020-043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994666.0043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godinez\u2010VidalD EdwardsSMandGroenSC Root\u2010knot nematode egg extractionProtocols.io (2024).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17504\/protocols.io.eq2lyj5nqlx9\/v1.","DOI":"10.17504\/protocols.io.eq2lyj5nqlx9\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","volume-title":"Soil Survey of Tift County","author":"Calhoun JW","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156854199508388"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"692","article-title":"A rapid centrifugal\u2010flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil","volume":"48","author":"Jenkins WRB","year":"1964","journal-title":"Plant Dis Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13010124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12061418"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15685411-bja10395"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.70350","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T09:01:47Z","timestamp":1768122107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.70350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.70350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.70350","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}