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As a well\u2010known biocontrol fungus,\n                      <jats:italic>Trichoderma harzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been shown to exhibit broad\u2010spectrum antagonistic effects against multiple pathogens and nematodes. In this study, we employed morphological, gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS), and RNA\u2010sequencing analyses to systematically evaluate its efficacy against\n                      <jats:italic>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings clarify the biocontrol potential of\n                      <jats:italic>T. harzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and support developing new agents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We isolated and identified\n                      <jats:italic>T. harzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                      T15 from the rhizosphere soil of\n                      <jats:italic>Pinus koraiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Following nematode death, the body darkened and the cuticle ruptured. T15 mycelium penetrated the nematode cuticle while releasing volatile toxin (phthalates and terpenoids).\n                      <jats:italic>Trichoderma harzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                      killed nematodes through binding to and degrading body walls, proteases and toxins. Ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts were used from fermentation; nematode mortality increased with both time and concentration. The 15% ethyl acetate fraction achieved 99% mortality within 72\u2009h. T15 revealed significant enrichment of biological regulation and microbial metabolism in diverse environments, with up\u2010regulation of\n                      <jats:italic>peptidase_S8<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>chitinase<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and detoxification\/antioxidant genes in transcriptome. Glycolysis, fructose\/mannose, and methane metabolism were activated; elevated\n                      <jats:italic>pgm<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>gpi<\/jats:italic>\n                      enabled carbohydrate scavenging from nematodes, while increased ribose\u20105\u2010phosphate,\n                      <jats:italic>cyp450, adh<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                      \u2010gluconolactone\u20106\u2010phosphate supported nucleic\u2010acid synthesis and antioxidant defense, facilitating mycelial growth and ultimately killing nematodes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides important insights into the potential of\n                      <jats:italic>T. harzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a viable biological control agent for\n                      <jats:italic>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Additionally, this research increases our understanding of biological control and contributes to the development of sustainable forestry practices. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T12:05:56Z","timestamp":1764849956000},"page":"2615-2626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of the effects of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Trichoderma harzianum<\/i>\n                      T15\n                    <\/scp>\n                    against\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/i>\n                    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