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However, these floral resources often contain pesticide residues that may exert sublethal effects on colony performance. While acute impacts are difficult to observe, chronic exposure can undermine colony development and increase the risk of collapse. The field\u2010level effects of commonly used pesticides such as cyfluthrin, atrazine, and prothioconazole on the European bumblebee (\n                      <jats:italic>Bombus terrestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we evaluated colony development under natural conditions simulating long\u2010term exposure to field\u2010relevant concentrations of these pesticides in nectar.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Developmental parameters included nest weight, pesticide\u2010sucrose solution consumption, number of sealed pupae, number of virgin queens, and queen birth weight. Colonies exposed to cyfluthrin exhibited significantly lower nest weight, though other measures were unaffected. Atrazine exposure resulted in reduced nest weight, pesticide\u2010sucrose consumption, and virgin queen birth weight, indicating impaired colony development. In contrast, prothioconazole exposure increased nest weight, and virgin queen birth weight, while pesticide\u2010sucrose consumption, pupal and queen numbers were unaffected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings demonstrate the cyfluthrin exerts relatively mild effects, atrazine negatively impacts colony growth, and prothioconazole may unexpectedly enhance colony development. Current policy debates on pollinator safety largely emphasize neonicotinoids. However, our results highlight the need to consider the risks associated with other pesticide classes. Evaluating impacts on managed non\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Apis<\/jats:italic>\n                      species such as\n                      <jats:italic>B. terrestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      is particularly important for developing sustainable crop protection strategies that balance agricultural productivity with pollinator health. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T03:54:22Z","timestamp":1764906862000},"page":"3064-3076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sublethal effects of cyfluthrin, atrazine, and prothioconazole on the development of\n                    <scp>European<\/scp>\n                    bumblebee (\n                    <i>Bombus terrestris<\/i>\n                    ) colonies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Shunhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wutao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal 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