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Although\n                      <jats:italic>Vkorc1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations confer resistance in rodents, their prevalence and evolutionary origins have remained unclear in most\n                      <jats:italic>R.\u2009tanezumi<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations in China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We sequenced the mitochondrial\n                      <jats:italic>Cyt b<\/jats:italic>\n                      , D\u2010loop and\n                      <jats:italic>Vkorc1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes in different\n                      <jats:italic>R.\u2009tanezumi<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed all sampled individuals were exclusively\n                      <jats:italic>R.\u2009tanezumi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , rejecting the hypothesis of\n                      <jats:italic>Vkorc1<\/jats:italic>\n                      introgression from\n                      <jats:italic>Rattus rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We identified two resistance\u2010conferring\n                      <jats:italic>Vkorc1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations (Y139C and A26T) occurring on four distinct haplotypes, indicating multiple independent evolutionary origins of resistance. Crucially, a star\u2010like D\u2010loop network and neutrality tests indicated a demographic expansion of\n                      <jats:italic>R.\u2009tanezumi<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations in southern China. This expansion is likely to have driven the northward dispersal of a predominant Y139C\u2010carrying haplotype, facilitating the rapid establishment of resistant populations in northern China. Thus, although both independent evolution and population dispersal shaped the spatial distribution of resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Vkorc1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations, dispersal emerged as the predominant force.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study identifies two\n                      <jats:italic>Vkorc1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations as valuable genetic markers for monitoring anticoagulant rodenticide resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>R.\u2009tanezumi<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Our findings provide critical insights into the evolution and spread of\n                      <jats:italic>Vkorc1<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistance, revealing the significant role of recent population expansion and northward dispersal of a key resistant haplotype in establishing resistance across China. These results also underscore the urgent need for effective management strategies targeting resistant\n                      <jats:italic>R.\u2009tanezumi<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T04:35:47Z","timestamp":1766550947000},"page":"3579-3590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid population expansion drives the widespread spread of a dominant anticoagulant\u2010resistance\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Vkorc1<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    allele in Asian house rats (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Rattus tanezumi<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) across 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University  Taiyuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5371-315X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Taxonomic List and Distribution of Mammalian Species and Subspecies in China","author":"Wang 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