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However, Z chromosome evolution in\n                      <jats:italic>Ostrinia furnacalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      Guen\u00e9e (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is not clear. Here, RNA sequencing, molecular evolutionary analysis, and RNAi were used to study Z chromosome evolution and the function of Male\u2010specific lethal (MSL) complex genes in\n                      <jats:italic>O. furnacalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULT<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that most tissues and life stages showed complete and global dosage compensation of the Z chromosome. Two MSL complex genes,\n                      <jats:italic>mle<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>msl3<\/jats:italic>\n                      , regulate Z chromosome dosage in females. MSL complex genes also have important roles in the growth and development of\n                      <jats:italic>O. furnacalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , especially for females. Furthermore, in almost all tissues and life stages of\n                      <jats:italic>O. furnacalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , sex\u2010biased genes were distributed non\u2010randomly in the genome and evolved faster than unbiased genes. In wing, thorax, and antenna, we detect several sex\u2010biased genes that are related to differences in wing color, locomotor activity levels and olfactory function between the sexes. In addition, the Fast\u2010Z effect was absent in\n                      <jats:italic>O. furnacalis,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and even acted as a slightly \u2018Slow\u2010Z', suggesting that purifying selection on recessive deleterious mutations has a major role in\n                      <jats:italic>O. furnacalis.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings lay the foundations for understanding Z chromosome evolution and MSL complex function, which have important theoretical significance for developing new green pest prevention and control technologies. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  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