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However, their application in antiphytopathogenic bacteria remains underexplored, primarily due to challenges in synthetic accessibility and insufficiently elucidated mechanisms of action. This gap has created a significant bottleneck in translating these natural products into practical agricultural applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Basing on the natural \u03b2\u2010carboline (\u03b2C) scaffold, 41 synthetic derivatives and six commercialized analogues were obtained to discuss the chemical space on bioactivity against phytopathogenic bacteria. Structure\u2013activity relationship studies revealed that modifications at the C3, C1, and C6 positions of the natural \u03b2C scaffold, as well as the number and position of nitrogen atoms in ring C, significantly influenced antibacterial efficacy. Notably, 1\u2010propyl substituted molecule\n                      <jats:bold>B2<\/jats:bold>\n                      exhibited optimal antibacterial activity with an EC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      value of 1.12\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      against\n                      <jats:italic>Xanthomonas oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      pv.\n                      <jats:italic>oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Pot experiments manifested that\n                      <jats:bold>B2<\/jats:bold>\n                      achieved excellent\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      control efficacy against rice bacterial leaf blight with protective and curative activities of 45.47% and 55.51% at 200\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively, outperforming bismerthiazol (38.09% and 37.16%) and thiodiazole\u2010copper (21.40% and 28.47%). Mechanistic studies revealed that\n                      <jats:bold>B2<\/jats:bold>\n                      powerfully induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in bacterial cells, caused oxidative damage, and thereby led bacterial apoptosis. Histopathological analysis demonstrated\n                      <jats:bold>B2<\/jats:bold>\n                      significantly suppressed bacterial burden within infected plant tissues. These synergistic effects collectively enabled exceptional control efficacy against plant bacterial diseases, with acceptable biosafety profiles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings established \u03b2C derivatives as promising lead compounds for developing efficient agrochemicals, while providing new insights regarding ROS\u2010inducing agents to enhance food security. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T08:54:58Z","timestamp":1768035298000},"page":"3915-3929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Natural product scaffold\u2010based bactericide discovery: novel \u03b2\u2010carboline derivatives as potent reactive oxygen species inducers for crop disease control"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Hong\u2010Wu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo\u2010Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun\u2010Rong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education Center for R&amp;D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin\u2010Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green 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