{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:22:33Z","timestamp":1791357753886,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate characterization of spray droplet size distribution is critical for optimizing pesticide application from unmanned aerial spraying systems (UASSs), as it governs deposition efficiency and off\u2010target drift. However, conventional methods like water\u2010sensitive paper (WSP) are prone to inaccuracies from droplet spread and coalescence, while in\u2010flight laser diffraction is impractical for field\u2010wide measurements under turbulent downwash conditions. This study developed and validated an image\u2010processing\u2010based liquid immersion method using silicone oil as the collection medium. A custom test apparatus was used to collect droplets from a UASS, and high\u2010resolution images were analyzed to determine droplet size distributions. The method's performance was compared against WSP and photographic paper (PP) and validated against a laboratory\u2010standard laser diffraction instrument.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across five nominal droplet\u2010size settings, SO\u2010based Dv50 estimates showed a clear empirical association with laser diffraction and exhibited lower variability than WSP and PP. Droplet\u2010size uniformity across the spray\u2010width transect was higher for SO (CV 10\u201312%) than for WSP (16\u201322%) and PP (22\u201332%). In high\u2010deposition regions where paper\u2010based collectors tended to show inflated droplet sizes due to overlap\/oversaturation, the SO method provided more consistent estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed SO liquid\u2010immersion workflow offers a practical, cost\u2010effective, and field\u2010deployable option for characterizing UASS spray quality under realistic downwash airflow. This capability can support evidence\u2010based optimization of nozzle settings and flight parameters to improve targeting performance while mitigating off\u2010target drift. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T06:41:30Z","timestamp":1770187290000},"page":"4875-4890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Measuring spray droplet size under unmanned aerial spraying system (\n                    <scp>UASS<\/scp>\n                    ) downwash airflow using an image\u2010processing\u2010based liquid immersion method"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Yangfan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science China Agricultural University  Beijing China"},{"name":"College of Agricultural Unmanned System 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