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Reports of reduced effectiveness of chemical control measures highlight the need to investigate potential resistance mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of control failure, resistance levels and enzymatic activity in Brazilian field populations of\n                      <jats:italic>L. coffeella<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposed to neurotoxic insecticides.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 35 field populations of\n                      <jats:italic>L.\u2009coffeella<\/jats:italic>\n                      were collected and tested in the laboratory using filter paper discs treated with insecticide solutions. After 48\u2009h of exposure, mortality rates, median and 95% lethal concentrations (LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      and LC\n                      <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and median resistance ratios (RR\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were determined. Control failure risk was identified in 34.3% and 62.9% of populations for abamectin, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and profenophos. Five populations exhibited low to very high resistance to abamectin (RR\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20095.5\u2013794), and two populations showed very high resistance to chlorpyrifos (RR\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009142 and 727) and deltamethrin (RR\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20091281 and 1656). Enzymatic assays revealed lower acetylcholinesterase activity in Rio Parana\u00edba II and higher glutathione\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010transferase activity in Rio Parana\u00edba I, followed by Carmo do Parana\u00edba populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings demonstrate widespread resistance and altered enzymatic activity in\n                      <jats:italic>L.\u2009coffeella<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations across Brazilian coffee\u2010growing regions. These results highlight the urgent need to incorporate resistance monitoring and alternative control strategies into integrated pest management programs to ensure sustainable coffee production. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T03:55:29Z","timestamp":1771818929000},"page":"5757-5766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Control failure risk, resistance and enzymatic activity of neurotoxic insecticides in Brazilian populations of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Leucoptera coffeella<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    (\n                    <scp>L<\/scp>\n                    epidoptera:\n                    <scp>L<\/scp>\n                    yonetiidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Daianna P.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Rio Parana\u00edba  Rio Parana\u00edba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos G. da","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Rio Parana\u00edba  Rio Parana\u00edba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan F. S. e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Rio Parana\u00edba  Rio Parana\u00edba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliane E.","family":"Vis\u00f4tto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Rio Parana\u00edba  Rio Parana\u00edba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas E.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament Agroambiental Science Puerto Rico University\u2010Mayag\u00fcez  San Juan Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisol","family":"Giraldo\u2010Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Caf\u00e9\/Cenicaf\u00e9  Caldas 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