{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:02:38Z","timestamp":1780678958968,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While\n                      <jats:italic>Cydia pomonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      has long been regarded as the key lepidopteran pest of walnut in Europe, field observations increasingly indicate that\n                      <jats:italic>Ectomyelois ceratoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      is becoming dominant in Mediterranean orchards. To assess their relative importance, we compared the incidence and seasonal dynamics of both species across multiple orchards and years. Because fruit susceptibility varies with ripening stage, aligning pest monitoring with host phenology may improve the timing and integration of control tactics. This study examined the synchrony between walnut phenology and the temporal patterns of adult occurrence and larval infestation of\n                      <jats:italic>E. ceratoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C. pomonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      to develop phenology\u2010driven integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over two seasons and three orchards,\n                      <jats:italic>E. ceratoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      consistently outnumbered\n                      <jats:italic>C. pomonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in trap captures and larval recoveries. Infestation was concentrated at advanced ripening stages, peaking between the packing tissue brown (PTB) stage and husk dehiscence. Adult captures systematically preceded larval entry into the kernels, confirming the effectiveness of pheromone traps as early\u2010warning tools when interpreted alongside phenological observations. The stabilized lure (7\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,9\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,11\u2010dodecatrienyl formate with butylated hydroxytoluene) produced reliable flight curves. The interval between pistillate flower receptivity and PTB was highly consistent (\u2248126\u2013129\u2009days), allowing reliable estimation of the high\u2010risk period.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Ectomyelois ceratoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was responsible for most of the infestation pressure in ripening and mature fruits, supporting its role as the main late\u2010season lepidopteran pest of Mediterranean walnuts. Early harvest after PTB stage, combined with orchard sanitation and pheromone\u2010based monitoring, can substantially reduce infestation risk. These findings provide a practical, phenology\u2010driven IPM framework to safeguard walnut quality and support the inclusion of\n                      <jats:italic>E. ceratoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in official production guidelines. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T03:30:47Z","timestamp":1775100647000},"page":"6877-6889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Host phenology\u2010driven infestation patterns of the carob moth (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Ectomyelois ceratoniae<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) in Mediterranean walnut orchards: insights from comparison with codling moth (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Cydia pomonella<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Fortuna","family":"Miele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection \u2013 National Research Council (IPSP\u2010CNR)  Portici Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"de Benedetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection \u2013 National Research Council (IPSP\u2010CNR)  Portici Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enza","family":"Petito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection \u2013 National Research Council (IPSP\u2010CNR)  Portici Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Avventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection \u2013 National Research Council (IPSP\u2010CNR)  Portici Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Migliaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection \u2013 National Research Council (IPSP\u2010CNR)  Portici Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9309-4007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Nugnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection \u2013 National Research Council (IPSP\u2010CNR)  Portici Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection \u2013 National Research Council (IPSP\u2010CNR)  Portici Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6061-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0390"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su141912421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12722"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24397-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12600-019-00766-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"MieleF deBenettaF AscoleseR SerrapicaR GualtieriL NugnesFet al. Global mitochondrial patterns ofEctomyelois ceratoniae: limited variability and dominance of a single haplotype. Insect science(submitted)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Insetti endemici e nuove invasioni: il complicato quadro dei fitofagi del noce","volume":"15","author":"Gargiulo S","year":"2021","journal-title":"Entomata"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23520-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"ScacciniD CeccatoE ZanolliPandPozzebonA Phenology pest status and life\u2013history traits ofEctomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on walnut (Juglans regiaL.) in field and postharvest conditions in northern Italy. Oral communication S5\u201305. In Proceedings of the I International Symposium on Temperate Tree Nuts: From Agroecologically Sustainable to Organic (Naples\u2013Alba Italy August25\u201331 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/14.2.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00305316.2022.2030290"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670874.2015.1102984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Commission Regulation (EC) No 175\/2001 of 26 January 2001 laying down the marketing standard for walnuts in shell","volume":"26","author":"European Commission","year":"2001","journal-title":"Off J Eur Communities"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2017.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"CABI Invasive Species Compendium Ectomyelois ceratoniae(carob moth)(2022).https:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1079\/cabicompendium.35348."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01425"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tox218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz366"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Development and demographic parameters of the carob moth Apomyelois ceratoniae on four diet regimes","volume":"61","author":"Norouzi A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull Insectol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X(2008)37[568:IOHPSO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvae004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485314000364"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15010119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2025.107393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4238(83)90182-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10040402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2776-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Walnut Production Manual","author":"Olson WH","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"Growth Stages of Mono\u2013 And Dicotyledonous Plants: BBCH Monograph","author":"Meier U","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","first-page":"645","article-title":"Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at U. 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