{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T08:08:56Z","timestamp":1783843736105,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022108","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Addressing global food security under rapid population growth and climate change requires sustainable strategies to protect crops from pathogens while reducing reliance on agrochemicals. Salicylic acid (SA), a key phytohormone in plant defense, is a promising natural elicitor for crop protection. However, its rapid metabolism and phytotoxicity restrict practical use. To overcome these limitations, we developed SA\u2013amino acid conjugates designed to improve protective efficacy of SA while minimizing its toxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six SA\u2013amino acid conjugates were synthesized through optimized multistep routes using either diaminocarboxylic acids or\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      \u2010glutamic acid with various linkers. Their defense\u2010inducing activity was evaluated in\n                      <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                      (L.) Heynh. (\n                      <jats:italic>PR1::GUS<\/jats:italic>\n                      reporter line) and in disease\u2010resistance assays against\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic>\n                      pv.\n                      <jats:italic>tomato<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Okabe) Young\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic>\n                      pv.\n                      <jats:italic>maculicola<\/jats:italic>\n                      (McCulloch) Young\n                      <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Conjugates\n                      <jats:bold>3a<\/jats:bold>\n                      and\n                      <jats:bold>7a<\/jats:bold>\n                      efficiently activated\n                      <jats:italic>PR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression and conferred NPR1\u2010dependent resistance comparable to free SA, while preventing SA\u2010associated phytotoxicity. The other conjugates showed lower or no activity, revealing a clear structure\u2013activity relationship.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlights SA\u2013amino acid conjugates as effective, non\u2010phytotoxic inducers of plant immunity. Structure\u2013activity analyses indicate that both the nature of the SA\u2013amino acid linkage and the properties of the amino acid side chain modulate biological activity, induction kinetics, and toxicity. Conjugates\n                      <jats:bold>3a<\/jats:bold>\n                      and\n                      <jats:bold>7a<\/jats:bold>\n                      combine strong protective efficacy with the absence of SA\u2010associated phytotoxicity, supporting amino acid vectorization as an effective approach for safer and controlled SA delivery and the rational design of next\u2010generation defense stimulators for sustainable crop protection. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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