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Spinetoram, a widely used spinosyn insecticide, has played a central role in its management; however, increasing reports of resistance threaten the long\u2010term sustainability of this compound. This review synthesizes current knowledge on spinetoram resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    , encompassing field reports, underlying molecular mechanisms, and emerging diagnostic approaches. Clear evidence of resistance has been reported from Brazil, whereas studies from China and Pakistan indicate emerging resistance. Molecular and transcriptomic analyses consistently associate cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S\u2010transferases, carboxylesterases, ATP\u2010binding cassette transporters, and cuticular proteins with reduced susceptibility phenotypes. However, their direct contribution to spinetoram resistance remains to be fully resolved. In contrast, functional validation supports a causal role for mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b16 subunit. Advances in transcriptomic analyses, qRT\u2010PCR validation, and RNA interference\u2010based diagnostic platforms further strengthen the early detection of resistant populations. Collectively, integrating field surveillance with mechanistic and diagnostic insights provides a useful framework for molecularly informed resistance management, emphasizing the importance of Insecticide Resistance Action Committee\u2010guided insecticide rotation,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010based integrated pest management, and the development of novel RNA interference\u2010based biocontrol strategies to preserve spinetoram efficacy and ensure sustainable crop protection. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:45:09Z","timestamp":1777005909000},"page":"6040-6053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spinetoram resistance in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    : Molecular mechanisms, diagnostic tools, and management implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Amir Khan","family":"Korai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakal Khan","family":"Korai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamila","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-8762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Revisi\u00f3n de los hospederos del gusano cogollero del ma\u00edz, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","volume":"69","author":"Casmuz A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Soc Entomol Argent"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1564\/v28_oct_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44744-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toac151"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12485"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4060\/cc8140en"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4001\/003.026.0286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"CABI Evidence Note Update","author":"Davis T","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"SharanabasappaS KalleshwaraswamyCM AsokanR SwamyHMM MaruthiMS PavithraHBet al. 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