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However, the Optimal Defense Theory predicts that the energy cost of defenses prevents plants from defending all organs equally. In an agroeconomic context, selecting genotypes for their root\u2010specific resistance may therefore create trade\u2010offs in the allocation of constitutive defenses, potentially leaving leaves more vulnerable to aerial herbivores. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the resistance to the root\u2010feeding aphid\n                      <jats:italic>Pemphigus bursarius<\/jats:italic>\n                      (BG) and the foliar aphids\n                      <jats:italic>Myzus persicae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Nasonovia ribisnigri<\/jats:italic>\n                      (AG) in two chicory (\n                      <jats:italic>Cichorium intybus<\/jats:italic>\n                      var\n                      <jats:italic>foliosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) genotypes:\n                      <jats:italic>AX<\/jats:italic>\n                      , considered susceptible, and\n                      <jats:italic>B18<\/jats:italic>\n                      , considered resistant to\n                      <jats:italic>P. bursarius<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Aphids\u2019 survival and fecundity were measured, and their feeding behavior was evaluated using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Only the root\u2010feeding aphid\n                      <jats:italic>P. bursarius<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibited reduced survival, fecundity and feeding activity on the\n                      <jats:italic>B18<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype, compared with the susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>AX<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype, confirming the root\u2010level resistance for which this line was originally selected. In contrast, the foliar aphid\n                      <jats:italic>N. ribisnigri<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed enhanced feeding activity and fecundity on\n                      <jats:italic>B18<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whereas\n                      <jats:italic>M. persicae<\/jats:italic>\n                      displayed only increased feeding activity, suggesting increased foliar susceptibility relative to\n                      <jats:italic>AX<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Selection for root resistance may promote a shift in resource allocation toward root defenses, potentially reducing constitutive defenses in leaves. These results highlight potential trade\u2010offs in plant defense allocation and underline the importance of considering multi\u2010organ herbivory when breeding for resistance traits. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:53:53Z","timestamp":1777524833000},"page":"7951-7960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Testing optimal defense theory: Root resistance selection in chicory (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Cichorium intybus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) reduces foliar defense and alters aphid performance 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