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Long\u2010term use of conventional bactericides has led to resistance, and raised environmental and food safety concerns, necessitating new, efficient and eco\u2010friendly agents.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n This study designed and synthesized a series of novel piperidine\u2010functionalized formononetin derivatives (N1\u2013N42) and evaluated their antibacterial activity.\n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n assays showed that several compounds strongly inhibited\n Xanthomonas oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n pv.\n oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Xoo<\/jats:italic>\n ) and\n Xanthomonas axonopodis<\/jats:italic>\n pv.\n citri<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Xac<\/jats:italic>\n ). Notably, thiourea\u2010piperidine\n N30<\/jats:bold>\n and piperidine hydrochloride\n N42<\/jats:bold>\n were highly effective against\n Xoo<\/jats:italic>\n , with median effective concentration (EC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n ) values of 6.5 and 4.0\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , respectively, outperforming the controls thiodiazole copper (TC, 33.3\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) and zinc thiazole (ZT, 13.9\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ). N42 also exhibited potent activity against\n Xac<\/jats:italic>\n (EC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20097.5\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ), superior to activities of TC (30.7\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) and ZT (58.7\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ).\n In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n pot experiments confirmed that N30 exhibited good efficacy against rice bacterial leaf blight (\n BLB<\/jats:italic>\n ), whereas\n N42<\/jats:bold>\n showed dual efficacy in controlling both\n BLB<\/jats:italic>\n and citrus canker (\n CC<\/jats:italic>\n ). Further investigation of the antibacterial modes and related phenotypes revealed that N30 and N42 could cause bacterial cell\u2010envelope damage, decrease biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, attenuate swarming motility, reduce the activities of extracellular virulence\u2010related enzymes, and enhance the activities of defense\u2010related enzymes in host plants.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n N30 and N42 have good potential to be developed as formononetin\u2010based antibacterial agents. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T07:16:34Z","timestamp":1781680594000},"page":"9553-9567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Piperidine\u2010functionalized formononetin derivatives: Design, synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial activity, modes and phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Miaohe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering Guizhou Institute of Technology Guiyang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junrong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University Guiyang People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province Guizhou Medical University Guiyang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering Guizhou Institute of Technology Guiyang People's Republic of 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