{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:14:44Z","timestamp":1790266484911,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n Knockdown effect, especially in pyrethroid\u2010based household and public insecticides, is often considered a practical indicator of insecticidal efficacy. However, whether faster knockdown implies lethality remains uncertain because the relationship between the two effects has not been systematically explored. This study examined whether knockdown speed is associated with mortality across type\u2010I pyrethroids, type\u2010\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n pyrethroids, and organophosphate insecticides in the house fly.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n For type\u2010I pyrethroids, faster knockdown did not predict higher mortality. Early knockdown did not necessarily lead to lethality, and no significant differences were observed among\n \n LD\n 20<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n \n LD\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , and\n \n LD\n 80<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n treatments. In contrast, type\u2010\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides showed a positive knockdown\u2010mortality relationship, with most lethal individuals being knocked\u2010down early. In the mixture study, d\u2010phenothrin showed an additive interaction with prallethrin but a synergistic interaction with tetramethrin, although all three compounds are type\u2010I pyrethroids. Computer vision\u2013based analyses using a convolutional neural network (\n CNN<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) of symptomology revealed a synergistic shift in intoxication phenotype from type\u2010I\u2010like to type\u2010\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010like symptoms in the synergistic d\u2010phenothrin and tetramethrin mixture.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n \n Knockdown speed should not be used as a proxy for lethality for type\u2010I pyrethroids, highlighting class\u2010 and mixture\u2010dependent dynamics between knockdown and mortality. These findings support regulatory and operational decisions that consider knockdown and mortality as distinct performance endpoints, particularly when substantiating claims such as \u2018quick kill\u2019 or \u2018kills on contact\u2019 for pesticide registration. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T02:39:54Z","timestamp":1781318394000},"page":"9614-9627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Synergistic transition from type\u2010I\u2010like to type\u2010\n II<\/scp>\n \u2010like symptomology in a pyrethroid mixture and its impact on knockdown\u2013mortality relationships in\n Musca domestica<\/i>\n L<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Junho","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3681-7843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun\u2010Hyung","family":"Tak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Seoul National University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmab040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0515"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1143-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2021.104911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Regulations CoF 40 CFR 156.10 ed. by Agency EP(2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761997000300023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780050514"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2987\/19-6850.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.36.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"528","article-title":"Comparative susceptibility of Periplaneta americana (L) to five pyrethroid insecticides","volume":"25","author":"Vythilingam I","year":"1994","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES)(2001)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"Regulations CoF Title 40\u2010Chapter I\u2010Subchapter E\u2010Part 158\u2010Subpart R\u2010Product Performance for Products Claiming Effectiveness Against Invertebrate Pests. 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