{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:14:14Z","timestamp":1790226854442,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Given the resistance of plant pathogenic fungi to traditional chemical fungicides and the associated risks to human and environmental safety, there is an urgent need for safe and effective alternative fungicides. Butylidenephthalide, an active compound from Ligusticum chuanxiong essential oil, exhibits potent antifungal activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Sclerotium rolfsii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a destructive plant pathogen that causes stem rot in peanuts. However, the molecular mechanism of butylidenephthalide against\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u2009rolfsii<\/jats:italic>\n                      remains unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Treatment with 20\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      butylidenephthalide caused cytoplasmic dissolution and intracellular leakage in\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u2009rolfsii<\/jats:italic>\n                      mycelia, indicating disruption of cellular structure. Enzyme activity assays revealed a significant reduction in malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity, with a 91.03% decrease at 100\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Additionally, butylidenephthalide induced an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H\u2082O\u2082) levels, indicating the induction of oxidative stress in\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u2009rolfsii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Transcriptomic results indicated that a total of 1477 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the mycelia of\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u2009rolfsii<\/jats:italic>\n                      treated with butylidenephthalide for 12\u2009h, including 521 up\u2010 and 956 downregulated genes. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that butylidenephthalide treatment resulted in the enrichment of DEGs primarily in pathways related to energy metabolism, cell membrane metabolism, the antioxidant system, ATP\u2010binding cassette (ABC) transporters and mitogen\u2010activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling. Additionally, butylidenephthalide interfered with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, which are associated with mitochondrial function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results demonstrated the molecular mechanism of natural phthalide compound butylidenephthalide and application potential as an alternative agent to control\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u2009rolfsii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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