{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:41:19Z","timestamp":1793032879226,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,7,27]],"date-time":"2027-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1816646400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genetically engineered crops producing insecticidal\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      proteins are useful for managing some key insect pests, including\n                      <jats:italic>Helicoverpa zea<\/jats:italic>\n                      (corn earworm or bollworm). In the United States, widespread practical resistance to crystalline (Cry) proteins and early warning of resistance to the vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3Aa have been reported for\n                      <jats:italic>H. zea<\/jats:italic>\n                      . To test the hypothesis that resistance to Cry1Ac or Vip3Aa causes fitness costs affecting flight and related traits in\n                      <jats:italic>H. zea<\/jats:italic>\n                      , we compared lab\u2010selected Cry1Ac\u2010resistant and Vip3Aa\u2010resistant strains with their susceptible parental strains, and with an unrelated standard susceptible strain. We used flight mills to analyze flight (flight propensity, total distance, distance per flight, duration, number of flights, and speed) and related traits (post\u2010flight survival, body mass, forewing area, wing loading, flight muscle mass, and abdominal lipid mass).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results show that\n                      <jats:italic>H. zea<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistance to Cry1Ac or Vip3Aa generally did not cause fitness costs affecting flight and related traits. One notable exception is that male post\u2010flight survival was lower in a Vip3Aa\u2010resistant strain than its Vip3Aa\u2010susceptible parent strain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Together with the limited fitness costs previously reported in Cry\u2010resistant\n                      <jats:italic>H. zea<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the lack of fitness costs in Cry1Ac\u2010resistant\n                      <jats:italic>H. zea<\/jats:italic>\n                      affecting flight and related traits reported here aligns with the rapid evolution of practical resistance of\n                      <jats:italic>H. zea<\/jats:italic>\n                      to Cry proteins. If the reduced post\u2010flight survival of Vip3Aa\u2010resistant males in the laboratory also occurs in the field, it could help to delay the evolution of resistance and the geographic spread of alleles conferring resistance to Vip3Aa. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:02:01Z","timestamp":1785214921000},"page":"10206-10216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of resistance to Bt proteins\n                    <scp>Cry1Ac<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>Vip3Aa<\/scp>\n                    on flight traits of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Helicoverpa zea<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2040-8815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inana X","family":"Schutze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS, U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center  Maricopa AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben A","family":"DeGain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology University of Arizona  Tucson AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goggy","family":"Davidowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology University of Arizona  Tucson AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2430-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce E","family":"Tabashnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology University of Arizona  Tucson AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7730-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Carri\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology University of Arizona  Tucson AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3893-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A","family":"Fabrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS, U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center  Maricopa AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0436708100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508312103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720692115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2018.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2019115118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645698.2022.2105626"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toac183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8529"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2025.107229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"First record of survival of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Bt corn expressing the Vip3Aa20 protein, in Argentina","volume":"103","author":"Vera MA","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rev Ind Agric Tucuman"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2010.00129.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14030214"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae077"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icae106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpaf098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1570-7458.1999.00426.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2007.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/24.5.1122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7529"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmz017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"CookD Cotton insect losses \u2010 2023https:\/\/www.agscipp.msstate.edu\/extension\/cotton\/2023loss.php[accessed 5 February 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Soybean insect losses in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Musser FR","year":"2023","journal-title":"Midsouth Entomol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toy106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11020102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2021.107560"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14070577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62748-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13090618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14020161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toad145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Performance of feral and Cry1Ac\u2010selected Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) strains on transgenic cottons expressing one or two Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki proteins under greenhouse conditions","volume":"39","author":"Jackson RE","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Entomol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216719110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaa138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7720"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1990.0132"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icn040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3958\/059.035.0315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011118-111959"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97123-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvae034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvaf117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2015.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.120.401053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21061-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09807"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyac037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saae027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iead053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.62.1.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","volume-title":"The Biomechanics of Insect Flight: Form, Function, Evolution","author":"Dudley R","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(74)90020-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9221-1_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.138.1.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2002.00650.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245665"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpaf137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/591705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12500"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.02.12.705663"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saae025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/37.5.1291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/say041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/63.4.1228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/20.2.736"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.940250407"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.71057","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ps.71057","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/ps.71057","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.71057","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:14:07Z","timestamp":1793031247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.71057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.71057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.71057","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}