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However, the resistance of different pepper cultivars to <jats:italic>Spodoptera litura<\/jats:italic> larvae, one of the main insect pest species on pepper, is not well understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among seven pepper cultivars evaluated, cayenne pepper \u2018FXBX\u2019 showed the highest repellency to third instar <jats:italic>S. litura<\/jats:italic> larvae, Chao tian chili pepper \u2018BLTY2\u2019 showed the lowest repellency. Plant volatiles (1\u2010hexene, hexanal, <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2010ionone, (<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>)\u20102,6\u2010nonadienal, and methyl salicylate) affected host selection by <jats:italic>S. litura<\/jats:italic>. Among these, 1\u2010hexene, hexanal, and <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2010ionone at concentrations naturally\u2010released by pepper leaves were found to repel <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>litura<\/jats:italic>. Interestingly, <jats:italic>S. litura<\/jats:italic> larvae fed on the larva\u2010attracting pepper cultivar, (BLTY2) had an extended developmental period, which was about 13\u2009days longer than larvae fed on FXBX. Besides, the survival rate of larvae fed on BLTY2 was 22.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0%, indicating that the leaves of BLTY2 can kill <jats:italic>S. litura<\/jats:italic> larvae. Correlation analysis showed that larval survival rate, emergence rate, female adult longevity, and pupal weight were positively correlated with the vitamin C, amino acids, protein, cellulose, and soluble sugar contents, but were negatively correlated with wax and flavonoids contents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified two different modes of direct defense exhibited by pepper cultivars against <jats:italic>S. litura<\/jats:italic>. One involves the release of repellent volatiles to avoid been fed on (FXBX cultivar). The other involves the inhibition of the growth and development or the direct killing of <jats:italic>S. litura<\/jats:italic> larvae which feeds on it (BLTY2 cultivar). \u00a9 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T10:50:01Z","timestamp":1659264601000},"page":"4859-4870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Repellence or attraction: secondary metabolites in pepper mediate attraction and defense against <i>Spodoptera litura<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Ge\u2010Ge","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Hunan Agricultural University  Changsha P. R. China"},{"name":"College of Plant Protection Hunan Agricultural University  Changsha P. 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