{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:01:15Z","timestamp":1784613675601,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Fusaric acid (FA), a non\u2010host\u2010selective toxin with antifungal and insecticidal activities, has attracted attention as a promising lead structure for developing novel agrofungicides. This study aimed to design and synthesize FA derivatives with improved antifungal activity and reduced phytotoxicity, and to investigate their antifungal mechanism and structure\u2013activity relationships.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n A series of FA derivatives were synthesized and evaluated against six major plant pathogenic fungi, including\n Magnaporthe oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n . Several derivatives showed enhanced antifungal activity compared with the previously identified scaffold\n H52<\/jats:bold>\n , and 10 compounds completely inhibited\n M. oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n at 100\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n under\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n conditions. The most active derivatives exhibited half\u2010maximal effective concentration (EC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n ) values of 6.09\u20139.84\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n . Phytotoxicity assays showed that compounds\n A6<\/jats:bold>\n ,\n A10<\/jats:bold>\n ,\n A12<\/jats:bold>\n ,\n B4<\/jats:bold>\n ,\n B6<\/jats:bold>\n , and\n B7<\/jats:bold>\n had safety profiles comparable to the commercial fungicide azoxystrobin. Compound\n B4<\/jats:bold>\n further demonstrated concentration\u2010dependent protective activity against rice blast under pot conditions, reducing the disease index from approximately 66.7 in the untreated control to about 14.8 at the highest tested concentration. Mechanistic studies revealed severe hyphal deformation, cell wall disruption, intracellular leakage, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation following\n B4<\/jats:bold>\n treatment. A comparative molecular field analysis\u2010based three\u2010dimensional quantitative structure\u2013activity relationship (3D\u2010QSAR) model exhibited strong predictive performance (\n q<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.69,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.992), indicating reliable structure\u2013activity relationships. Contour map analysis suggested that bulky substituents near the core ring and electron\u2010withdrawing groups in specific regions significantly enhance antifungal activity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n FA derivatives can be rationally optimized to improve antifungal activity, reduce phytotoxicity, and be effective in planta disease control, providing promising candidates and design strategies for next\u2010generation agrofungicides. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:02:19Z","timestamp":1784610139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design, biological evaluation, and\n 3D<\/scp>\n \u2010\n QSAR<\/scp>\n analysis of fusaric acid derivatives as antifungal agents against plant 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