{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T10:00:21Z","timestamp":1785492021660,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Zinc phosphide (ZP) is one of the world's most\u2010used rodenticides. However, ZP bait palatability can be poor and rodents may become averse to baits after ingesting sublethal amounts. Our primary objective was to determine if ZP bait coatings increased palatability and ultimately mortality of gray\u2010tailed voles (\n                      <jats:italic>Microtus canicaudus<\/jats:italic>\n                      Miller). We offered six ZP formulations to 120 single\u2010caged voles, including uncoated Prozap\u00ae and ZP AG\u00ae pellets and these same baits coated with powdered peanut butter or powdered cheese. A secondary objective was to determine if voles that received a sublethal dose of ZP maintained their ability to reproduce when compared to voles that were never exposed to ZP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality was high (75\u2013100%) for each of the six ZP\u2010bait formulations despite some variability in average ZP bait concentrations (2.17\u20132.45%). In total, 16 individuals (13.3%) survived the toxic trials, and average ZP bait consumption was alike for voles that died (0.24\u2009g) and survived (0.23\u2009g). All 10 pairings (five ZP\u2010exposed pairs, five unexposed pairs) resulted in similar litter sizes and offspring mass.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Only one ZP bait formulation (ZP AG\u00ae\u2010uncoated) was 100% efficacious and we found no evidence that our peanut butter or cheese coatings improved mortality despite voles seemingly consuming more coated than uncoated baits. Our bait coating methodology minimized ZP dilution and is useful for evaluating future ZP bait coatings. Our findings of similar fecundity between voles exposed and unexposed to ZP highlight the importance of having toxic baits that are palatable and lethal on first exposure. Published 2026. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T09:42:49Z","timestamp":1785490969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of zinc phosphide bait coatings on bait consumption and mortality in gray\u2010tailed voles (\n                    <i>Microtus canicaudus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron B","family":"Shiels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayden","family":"Hamby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma B","family":"Hanslowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danika R","family":"Spock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy D","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Goldade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"},{"name":"Current Address: US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine  College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine E","family":"Horak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"564","volume-title":"Rats, Mice, and People: Rodent Biology and Management","author":"Singleton GR","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1071\/WR10084","article-title":"Impacts of rodent outbreaks on food security in Asia","volume":"37","author":"Singleton GR","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wildl Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2000)050[0053:EAECON]2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States","volume":"50","author":"Pimentel D","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071255","article-title":"Economic and environmental impacts of harmful 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Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-3575(76)90010-9","article-title":"The effect of phosphine on electron transport in mitochondria","volume":"6","author":"Chefurka W","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pest Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.14673","article-title":"Background food influences rate of encounter and efficacy of rodenticides in wild house mice","volume":"61","author":"Brown PR","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12666","article-title":"Acute oral toxicity of zinc phosphide: an assessment for wild house mice (Mus musculus)","volume":"18","author":"Hinds LA","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2018.06.002","article-title":"Assessment of zinc phosphide bait shyness and tools for reducing flavor aversions","volume":"112","author":"Horak KE","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"334","article-title":"Population ecology of the gray\u2010tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus","volume":"70","author":"Wolff JO","year":"1996","journal-title":"NW Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2002)083<0947:EOASRO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of juvenile sex ratios on recruitment of juvenile gray\u2010tailed voles, Microtus canicaudus","volume":"83","author":"Wolff JO","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"Oregon Seed EPA proposes sweeping changes to rodenticide labels. Published by Oregon Seed Council Fall 2023 issue pp 14\u201315https:\/\/oregonseedcouncil.org\/fall-2023\/[Accessed June 11 2025] (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"ShielsAB PetroVMandTaylorJD Field trials determining attractiveness and uptake of three formulations of zinc phosphide baits used to control vole damage in Oregon. Final Report QA\u20103325 USDA APHIS WS NWRC 38 pp(2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R175","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0258","article-title":"Effects of maternal exposure to social stress during pregnancy: consequences for mother and offspring","volume":"146","author":"Brunton PJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(88)90365-4","article-title":"Effects of predator exposure upon early pregnancy in mice","volume":"43","author":"Catanzaro D","year":"1988","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0920139","article-title":"Role of progesterone in mediating stress\u2010related litter deficits in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)","volume":"92","author":"Pratt NC","year":"1991","journal-title":"Reprod"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.2307\/1382469","article-title":"Reproductive and behavioral biology of the gray\u2010tailed vole","volume":"75","author":"Wolff JO","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"TongtaveeK Zinc phosphide development for rodent control. PhD Dissertation. Bowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio USA. 154 pp(1978)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2004.09.006","article-title":"Increasing acceptance and efficacy of zinc phosphide rodenticide baits via modification of the carbohydrate profile","volume":"24","author":"Johnston JJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-015-0693-8","article-title":"Better food\u2010baits and lures for invasive rats Rattus spp. and the brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula: a bioassay on wild, free\u2010ranging animals","volume":"89","author":"Jackson M","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pest Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00366.x","article-title":"Bait additives as a means of improving acceptance by rodents","volume":"18","author":"Marsh RE","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull OEPP\/EPPO Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"164","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Baldwin RA","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9063(199905)55:5<553::AID-PS936>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Pre\u2010baiting for increased acceptance of zinc phosphide baits by voles: an assessment technique","volume":"55","author":"Sterner RT","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pestic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.3030410904","article-title":"Toxicological studies of zinc phosphide","volume":"41","author":"Johnson HD","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/08958379309034503","article-title":"Inhalation toxicity of phosphine in the rat: acute, subchronic, and developmental","volume":"5","author":"Newton PE","year":"1993","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Shiels AB","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.71162","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ps.71162","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.71162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T09:42:53Z","timestamp":1785490973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.71162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.71162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.71162","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ps.71162"}}