{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T05:24:22Z","timestamp":1786944262936,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a key rhizosphere fungus, yet its ecological role in avocado (\n                      <jats:italic>Persea americana<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) physiology and multitrophic interactions remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the impact of\n                      <jats:italic>Trichoderma harzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                      TH1 on plant growth, defense mechanisms and natural enemy recruitment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>T. harzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                      TH1 was isolated from avocado roots and rhizosphere at a density of 3.5\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009CFU\/g. Inoculation significantly promoted growth, increasing leaf formation by 23% and showing a 2\u2010fold increase in leaf bud production. Furthermore, TH1 conferred resistance against the avocado mite\n                      <jats:italic>Oligonychus perseae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the whitefly\n                      <jats:italic>Tetraleurodes perseae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , reducing whitefly populations &gt;85%. This resistance was linked to a 27% increase in chlorophyll production and a 4\u2010fold rise in salicylic acid (SA) levels, a key metabolite for systemic defense against sap\u2010sucking herbivorous insects. Chemical analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) revealed the emission of (\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u20103\u2010hexen\u20101\u2010ol, 1\u2010octen\u20103\u2010ol, \u03b2\u2010ocimene, and \u03b2\u2010copaene. These semiochemicals likely mediated the 2\u2010fold increase in predatory mites (\n                      <jats:italic>Euseius hibisci<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) observed in TH1\u2010treated plants. Additionally, the presence of parasitoid wasps (\n                      <jats:italic>Encarsia sp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was recorded within the recruited natural enemy complex on avocado leaves.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study elucidates the biochemical and biotic factors involved in the avocado\u2010TH1\u2010arthropod interaction. Our results support the use of\n                      <jats:italic>T. harzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                      as an effective bioinoculant to enhance plant growth and suppress pests, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic agrochemicals. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T04:29:41Z","timestamp":1786940981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Agroecological functions of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Trichoderma harzianum<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    , an endophytic fungus of the avocado root: its role in plant growth, defense and multitrophic interactions"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Blanca Alicia","family":"Esquivel\u2010Ayala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo  Morelia M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4835-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Vargas\u2010Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo  Morelia M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Patricia","family":"Chaires\u2010Grijalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas  Ciudad Mante M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Mendoza\u2010Churape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo  Uruapan M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Chassin\u2010Noria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo  Morelia M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8513-2501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hexon Angel","family":"Contreras\u2010Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico. Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Morelia  Morelia M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"DGSIAP Direcci\u00f3n General del Servicio de Informaci\u00f3n Agroalimentaria y Pesquera Avance de Siembras y Cosechas. A\u00f1o agr\u00edcola: 2025. Producci\u00f3n Agr\u00edcola. Ciclo: Ciclicos\u2010Perennes. Modalidad: Riego + Temporal. Entidad Federativa: Michoac\u00e1n. Situaci\u00f3n al 31 de agosto de 2025https:\/\/nube.agricultura.gob.mx\/avance_agricola\/. 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