{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T12:24:06Z","timestamp":1794486246619,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015401","name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\u2010ZDLNY\u201064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\u2010ZDLNY\u201064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate assessment of disease severity is essential for evaluating fungicide performance and breeding disease\u2010resistant crop varieties. Manual scoring of infection on individual leaf discs is labor\u2010intensive and variable, while traditional computer vision methods require manual parameter tuning and lack robustness. Existing deep learning approaches often struggle to simultaneously localize leaf discs and accurately segment disease symptoms, limiting their practical application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We developed SporaScan, an automated pipeline combining YOLO v8n for leaf disc localization, Mobile SAM for background removal, and UNet for sporulation segmentation. It achieved high accuracy (mAP@50\u2009&gt;99%, mIoU@50\u2009&gt;96%), with background removal reducing misclassification (0.21% for sporulation and 2.75% for leaf discs). Severity estimates showed strong agreement with manual annotations (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.99). In a blind test, technicians selected SporaScan as superior in 37.2% of cases, manual annotation in 26.2%, and equal performance in 36.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Compared with Mask R\u2010CNN, the sequential design improved accuracy and efficiency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results demonstrate that SporaScan provides an efficient and practical approach for automated assessment of downy mildew severity, supporting applications in disease evaluation, breeding, and fungicide assessment (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/116.10.197.212:9060\/segment\/#\/\">http:\/\/116.10.197.212:9060\/segment\/#\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ). \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T04:06:57Z","timestamp":1786939617000},"page":"11996-12009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>SporaScan<\/scp>\n                    : cost\u2010effective, high\u2010precision leaf\u2010disc disease severity assessment for grapevine downy mildew"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Equipment Shandong University of Science and Technology  Taian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Equipment Shandong University of Science and Technology  Taian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linjia","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests\/Plant Protection Research Institute Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Amine","family":"Benaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Water Research Institute Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P)  Benguerir Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6950-1821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0619-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0793-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/13032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071541"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-005-1230-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inpa.2020.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2022.56.3.5359"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2024.113155"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/2019\/9209727"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00155"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11091768"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196565"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"2961","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","author":"He K","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.112204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"KirillovA MintunE RaviN MaoH RollandC GustafsonLet al. Segment Anything(2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/plantphenomics.0201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-024-01293-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/plantphenomics.0279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.108728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"JocherG QiuJandChaurasiaA Ultralytics YOLO(2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"RenS HeK GirshickRandSunJ Faster R\u2010CNN: towards real\u2010time object detection with region proposal networks. arXiv:1506.01497 [cs](2016).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1506.01497."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10602-1_48"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"ZhangC HanD QiaoY KimJU BaeS\u2010H LeeSet al. Faster segment anything: towards lightweight SAM for mobile applications. arXiv:2306.14289 [cs](2023).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2306.14289."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","article-title":"The OpenCV library","author":"Bradski G","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dr Dobbs J Softw Tools"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"RonnebergerO FischerPandBroxT U\u2010net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. arXiv:1505.04597 [cs](2015).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1505.04597."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhouZ SiddiqueeMMR TajbakhshNandLiangJ UNet++: redesigning skip connections to exploit multiscale features in image segmentation. arXiv:1912.05074 [cs](2020).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1912.05074.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2959609"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"ChenL\u2010C PapandreouG SchroffFandAdamH Rethinking atrous convolution for semantic image segmentation(2017).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1706.05587."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChenL\u2010C ZhuY PapandreouG SchroffFandAdamH Encoder\u2010Decoder with Atrous Separable Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentation(2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01234-2_49"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"LiH XiongP AnJandWangL Pyramid attention network for semantic segmentation. arXiv preprint arXiv:180510180(2018). Available:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1805.10180."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3093977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VCIP.2017.8305148"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jeai\/2023\/v45i52132"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhac187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2018.05.013"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.71193","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ps.71193","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.71193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T11:44:57Z","timestamp":1794483897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.71193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.71193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.71193","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}