{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:24:37Z","timestamp":1787286277897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urea is frequently tank\u2010mixed with pesticides, yet whether it functions as a conventional spray adjuvant or acts at another stage of droplet evolution remains unclear. This study examined how 0\u20132.0\u2009wt% urea affects spray liquid properties, atomization, impact, wetting, evaporation, and final deposition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urea caused only minor changes in equilibrium surface tension and viscosity. Across nozzle and pressure conditions, changes in volume median diameter were generally within \u00b13%, while impact, wetting, and the time required for 90% volume loss (55\u201360\u2009min) were not appreciably altered. In contrast, dried residue morphology changed markedly. In the sodium\u2010fluorescein\u2010containing 32% thifluzamide\u2013tebuconazole suspension concentrate system on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which contained sodium fluorescein, the addition of 0.5\u2009wt% urea increased the central integrated fluorescence fraction from 21.90% to 26.40% (+4.50 percentage points) and the center\u2010to\u2010periphery ratio from 2.24 to 2.87. Similar central enrichment occurred at 1.0\u20131.5\u2009wt%, whereas 2.0\u2009wt% reduced the fraction to 20.66%. More continuous residues were also observed qualitatively on maize and rice leaves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urea primarily modifies deposition during late\u2010stage droplet drying rather than through atomization or wetting. The observed redistribution is consistent with evaporation\u2010driven solute enrichment, precipitation, and crystallization. These findings identify 0.5\u2009wt% as the lowest tested concentration producing high central enrichment in the examined formulation and establish late\u2010stage drying as a distinct target for improving pesticide deposit spatial distribution, although biological efficacy requires further verification. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T03:56:09Z","timestamp":1787284569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urea's distinct role in agricultural spray deposition: modulating drying dynamics to enhance central deposition without wetting benefits"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science China Agricultural University  Beijing 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