{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:30:26Z","timestamp":1787229026341,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020912","name":"King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stored wheat flour is highly susceptible to infestation by\n                      <jats:italic>Tribolium castaneum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Tribolium confusum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This laboratory\u2010scale study evaluated how ozone exposure duration at 1000\u2009ppm affected insect suppression, reproductive performance, oxidative stress, infestation\u2010associated flour weight loss, and flour quality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Larvae and adults were exposed for 0, 5, 10, or 15\u2009h. After 15\u2009h, mortality reached 94.56% and 90.56% in\n                      <jats:italic>T. castaneum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>T. confusum<\/jats:italic>\n                      adults and 81.92% and 77.44% in their larvae, respectively. F\u2081 progeny suppression reached 97.34%, 95.18%, 91.67%, and 87.91% in the corresponding groups. Longer exposures reduced fecundity, progeny production, and adult longevity, while increasing SOD, CAT, GST, and MDA. Among flour\u2010related outcomes, infestation\u2010associated flour weight loss declined. Moisture, crude protein, crude fat, total phenolics, and oil content also declined modestly, whereas peroxide value and free fatty acids increased. The 15\u2009h treatment produced the greatest biological suppression, while 10\u2009h showed a favourable laboratory\u2010scale balance between insect control and the measured flour\u2010quality responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ozone produced a coordinated duration\u2010dependent reduction in\n                      <jats:italic>Tribolium<\/jats:italic>\n                      survival and population\u2010recovery potential, together with measurable oxidative and flour\u2010quality changes. Integrating mortality, reproductive impairment, physiological stress, and commodity\u2010damage indicators provides a more comprehensive framework than mortality\u2010only assessment. However, the 10\u2009h treatment should be regarded as laboratory\u2010scale proof of concept rather than a commercial recommendation. Validation in larger flour masses, with chamber monitoring and rheological, sensory, structural, and digestibility assessments, is required. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:17:16Z","timestamp":1787228236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure\u2010time optimization of ozone fumigation against two\n                    <i>Tribolium<\/i>\n                    flour beetles: integrating insect suppression, oxidative stress, and wheat flour quality"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Jenan S","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Department, College of Basic Education Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET)  Safat Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hend M","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosny H","family":"Kesba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arid Land Agriculture College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa MA","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6551-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stored Product Pests Research Department Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center  Sakha Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4066-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed AA","family":"Aioub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture Zagazig University  Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saab049","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation in stored\u2010product insect pest distributions and implications for pest management in processing and storage facilities","volume":"115","author":"Gerken AR","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.21323\/2618-9771-2025-8-2-173-179","article-title":"Impact of red flour beetle Tribolium \u0441astaneum (Herbst)(coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) infestation on some quality characteristics of stored wheat flour","volume":"8","author":"Badran EF","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Syst"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","volume-title":"Confused Flour Beetle, Tribolium Confusum Jacquelin du Val and Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst)(Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 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