{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:27:02Z","timestamp":1787030822014,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010051","name":"Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As an irreplaceable indigenous pollinator safeguarding biodiversity and crop productivity across mountainous Southwest China,\n                      <jats:italic>Apis cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                      is commonly exposed to pesticide mixtures. The neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (TMX), diamide chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and triazole difenoconazole (DIF) are widely detected in its beehives across Guizhou karst regions as single or binary mixtures. However, the combined toxicological effects of these pesticides on honeybees remain unclear. In this study, newly emerged\n                      <jats:italic>A. cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                      workers were sub\u2010chronically exposed to individual pesticides and their binary mixtures (CAP\u2013DIF, CAP\u2013TMX, DIF\u2013TMX) at field\u2010relevant concentrations. The toxic impacts of these single pesticides and their binary combinations on honeybee survival, body weight, food consumption and physiological functions were investigated. In addition, their effects on honeybee gut microbiota were evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results demonstrated that CAP\u2013DIF and CAP\u2013TMX induced oxidative damage, inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity, and elevated honeybee mortality. Although DIF\u2013TMX did not significantly reduce survival rates, it triggered oxidative damage and decreased the relative abundances of core microbiota. Furthermore, all binary mixtures downregulated expression of the immune gene\n                      <jats:italic>abaecin<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study reveals that binary pesticide mixtures can disrupt physiological homeostasis in newly emerged\n                      <jats:italic>A. cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                      workers even at environmentally relevant concentrations. CAP\u2013DIF and CAP\u2013TMX increase mortality via synergistic toxicity, highlighting health hazards stemming from such combined pesticide exposure. Unlike reported azole\u2013neonicotinoid synergism, DIF failed to enhance TMX toxicity in\n                      <jats:italic>A. cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                      under field\u2010relevant concentrations. These findings advance regional pesticide risk evaluation, inform targeted pesticide management and native honeybee conservation, securing intact ecosystems and pollination\u2010dependent food security. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:48:33Z","timestamp":1787028513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiological and gut microbial responses of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Apis cerana<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    to sub\u2010chronic exposure to binary pesticide mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Bangyan","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection Guizhou 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