{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:25:36Z","timestamp":1787117136767,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n Phthorimaea absoluta<\/jats:italic>\n is one of the most devastating pests of tomato crops worldwide, with its control relying heavily on chemical insecticides. Assessing the risk of control failure and resistance levels is critical for evaluating insecticide efficacy. The globally adopted bioassay protocol is Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) method 022 (IRAC 022), which estimates mortality after a 3\u2010day exposure. However, this short\u2010term method may underestimate the effectiveness of slow\u2010acting insecticides. Recently, the insecticides azadirachtin and spirotetramat were evaluated using both the IRAC 022 method and a modified version of this protocol that allows for prolonged exposure intervals up to pest pupation (12\u2009days after treatment (DAT)) and adult emergence (27 DAT). A susceptible and a wild resistant population from Greece were used in the method evaluation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n For azadirachtin, a more than 100\u2010fold difference in the median lethal concentration (LC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n ) was observed between 3 DAT and 12 DAT, with minimal changes thereafter up to adult emergence. In contrast, spirotetramat showed at least a ten\u2010fold difference between 3 DAT and 12 DAT, and up to a 17\u2010fold difference between 12 DAT and 27 DAT, demonstrating delayed and stage\u2010specific activity. These results indicate that the toxic action of insecticides may vary significantly depending on their pharmacological properties and the pest's developmental stage.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n \n Incorporating long\u2010term exposure protocols into the validated IRAC methods is strongly recommended for slow\u2010acting compounds. By combining both short\u2010 and long\u2010term bioassays, the true efficacy profiles of existing and novel insecticides can be more accurately assessed \u2013 an essential factor in developing evidence\u2010based pest management strategies for\n P. absoluta<\/jats:italic>\n . \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:44:31Z","timestamp":1787114671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of a novel bioassay method for the evaluation of the activity of slow\u2010acting insecticides on tomato borer\n \n Phthorimaea absoluta<\/i>\n <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Stavrakaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Mylona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Piperidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Afantenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Kremi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Alipranti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6689-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos B.","family":"Simoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion Greece"},{"name":"Regional Unit of Drama, Department of Quality and Phytosanitary Inspections Rural Economy and Veterinary Directorate Drama Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Roditakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Agri\u2010Food and Life Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Center Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845938291.0098","article-title":"Biology, ecology and management of the south American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta","volume":"3","author":"Urbaneja A","year":"2013","journal-title":"Potential Invasive Pests Agric 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