{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:52:52Z","timestamp":1791535972671,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hydrophobic pesticides often exhibit poor aqueous dispersibility and limited wettability, which can adversely affect their application efficiency. To address these limitations, ionic liquid (IL)\u2010based nanoemulsions (NEs) incorporating the hydrophobic insecticide lambda\u2010cyhalothrin (LCT) were developed using Polysorbate 20 and two pyrrolidinium ILs, 1\u2010octyl\u20101\u2010methylpyrrolidinium bromide () and 1\u2010dodecyl\u20101\u2010methylpyrrolidinium bromide (), in an aqueous medium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stable LCT\u2010loaded NEs with nanosized droplets were successfully prepared via ultrasonication. The concentration for the ILs required for the NE formation was found to be 2.39\u2009m\n                      <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                      for  and 0.70\u2009m\n                      <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                      for . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging confirmed the formation of the NEs, revealing uniformly dispersed, nanosized droplets without noticeable coalescence following pesticide loading. The alkyl chain length of the IL strongly influenced the physicochemical properties of the formulations, with the  based NE showing greater LCT incorporation than the  system. Spectroscopic analysis further supported the interaction between the IL, LCT, and the surfactant within the NE matrix. Contact angle measurements on chili and lemon leaves showed markedly lower values for LCT\u2010loaded NEs compared to LCT alone, indicating improved surface wetting. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations corroborated these findings, predicting stronger intermolecular interactions and greater stability for the \u2013LCT system.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developed pyrrolidinium IL\u2010based NEs provide a stable and effective formulation for incorporating LCT while improving its wetting behavior. The experimental findings, supported by theoretical calculations, demonstrate that IL alkyl chain length plays a key role in governing NE stability and pesticide incorporation, highlighting the potential of these systems as carriers for hydrophobic pesticides. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:39:40Z","timestamp":1791535180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pyrrolidinium ionic liquid and\n                    <scp>Polysorbate<\/scp>\n                    20 based nanoemulsions of lambda\u2010cyhalothrin: formulation, physicochemical characterization and enhanced surface wettability"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Aashima","family":"Anand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysical Chemistry Research Laboratory, 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