{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:18:04Z","timestamp":1788239884855,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n Plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (\n UAV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) spraying has emerged as a core precision pesticide application technology, but systematic field evidence regarding its comprehensive application performance, pesticide residue dissipation and dietary safety risks in processing pepper production remains insufficient, restricting its standardized popularization. This study aimed to clarify the field applicability of\n UAV<\/jats:styled-content>\n spraying by comparatively evaluating pesticide utilization efficiency, droplet deposition distribution, residue dissipation dynamics and dietary risk profiles of three commonly used pesticides (chlorantraniliprole, afidopyropen and fluazinam) in processing pepper fields, with boom sprayer and knapsack sprayer treatments set as conventional control groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n Field trials conducted in Shihezi (Xinjiang) from 2023 to 2025 demonstrated that\n UAV<\/jats:styled-content>\n spraying achieved consistently higher pesticide utilization efficiency (3.09\u201384.60%) throughout the whole growth period relative to boom spraying (1.45\u201373.62%). All treatments exhibited a distinct vertical droplet deposition gradient of upper > middle > lower canopy in pepper plants. The three tested pesticides showed the shortest dissipation half\u2010lives (3.74\u20134.69\u2009days) under\n UAV<\/jats:styled-content>\n application. Terminal pesticide residues at harvest did not differ significantly among the three application methods. Both chronic dietary risk (%\n ADI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009<\u20090.2%) and acute dietary risk (%\n ARfD<\/jats:styled-content>\n <1.0%) for all treatments were substantially below official safety thresholds.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n \n UAV<\/jats:styled-content>\n precision spraying improves pesticide utilization efficiency and reduces effective pesticide dosage without elevating dietary residue risks in processing pepper production. This technology resolves the low\u2010efficiency pain points of traditional spraying methods, provides robust field validation for the safety and superiority of\n UAV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010based plant protection, and offers a practical technical support for low\u2010input, high\u2010efficiency precision management in sustainable processing pepper cultivation. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:45:56Z","timestamp":1788237956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on pesticide utilization efficiency, droplet deposition and residues sprayed by\n UAV<\/scp>\n in processing pepper field"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3546-969X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture Shihezi University Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture Shihezi University Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5880-4778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zeeshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture Shihezi University Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture Shihezi University Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture Shihezi University Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sifeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture Shihezi University Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture Shihezi University Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2504-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture Shihezi University Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.047","article-title":"Industrial use of pepper (Capsicum annum L.) derived products: technological benefits and biological advantages","volume":"274","author":"Baenas N","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141654","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis reveals the non\u2010enzymatic browning mechanism of green peppers (Piper nigrum L.) during the hot\u2010air drying process","volume":"464","author":"Huang Y","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Review and prospect of the rapid development of China's chili pepper industry in the past four decades","volume":"52","author":"Zou XX","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Hortic Sin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.143850","article-title":"An efficient method for chili pepper variety classification and origin tracing based on an electronic nose and deep learning","volume":"479","author":"Chen Y","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Development status and breeding countermeasures of chili pepper industry in China","volume":"28","author":"Lin Q","year":"2023","journal-title":"J China Agric Univ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","article-title":"Efficacy of cotton harvest aids applications with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and ground\u2010based field sprayers \u2013 a case study comparison","volume":"2","author":"Cavalaris C","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Agr Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116675","article-title":"Risk assessment of environmental and bystander exposure from agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle sprayers in golden coconut plantations: effects of droplet size and spray volume","volume":"282","author":"Lan X","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.917462","article-title":"Effect of aviation spray adjuvants on defoliant droplet deposition and processing pepper defoliation efficacy sprayed by unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"13","author":"Liu YP","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.13031\/trans.13509","article-title":"Spray application efficiency from a multi\u2010rotor unmanned aerial vehicle configured for aerial pesticide application","volume":"62","author":"Richardson B","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans ASABE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10020215","article-title":"Comparison of droplet deposition control efficacy on Phytophthora capsica and aphids in the processing pepper field of the unmanned aerial vehicle and knapsack sprayer","volume":"10","author":"Xiao QG","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70872"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105350","article-title":"Effect of operational parameters of UAV sprayer on spray deposition pattern in target and off\u2010target zones during outer field weed control application","volume":"172","author":"Ahmad F","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Electron Agric"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1581367","article-title":"Optimization of spray operation parameters of unmanned aerial vehicle confers adequate levels of control of fall armyworm","volume":"16","author":"Liu Y","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13041138","article-title":"Impact of operational parameters on droplet distribution using an unmanned aerial vehicle in a papaya orchard","volume":"13","author":"Ribeiro L","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agronomy (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7942","article-title":"Spray performance and control efficacy against pests in paddy rice by UAV\u2010based pesticide application: effects of atomization, UAV configuration and flight velocity","volume":"80","author":"Wongsuk S","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121748","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30919-5","article-title":"Residue dissipation dynamics and dietary risk assessment of emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, and lufenuron in cabbage","volume":"30","author":"Wang X","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2006.04.002","article-title":"Dosage of plant protection products adapted to leaf area index in viticulture","volume":"26","author":"Siegfried W","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6110354","article-title":"Development status and key Technologies of Plant Protection UAVs in China: a review","volume":"6","author":"Hu P","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drones"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","article-title":"Study on the characteristics of downwash field range and consistency of spray deposition of agricultural UAVs","volume":"14","author":"Liu Z","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agri"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13082131","article-title":"Performance evaluation of UAVs in wheat disease control","volume":"13","author":"Zhou Q","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-03757-y","article-title":"Persistence and decontamination studies of chlorantraniliprole in Capsicum annum using GC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"56","author":"Ahlawat S","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36822-w","article-title":"Monitoring and risk analysis of residual pesticides drifted by unmanned aerial spraying","volume":"13","author":"Kim CJ","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135607","article-title":"Enhancement of Tricyclazole analysis efficiency in Rice samples using an improved QuEChERS and its application in residue: a study from unmanned Arial spraying","volume":"14","author":"Lee Y","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6540","article-title":"Comparison of UAV and fixed\u2010wing aerial application for alfalfa insect pest control: evaluating efficacy, residues, and spray quality","volume":"77","author":"Li X","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6052","article-title":"Evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle as a new method of pesticide application for almond crop protection","volume":"77","author":"Li X","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1441193","article-title":"Effect of formulations and adjuvants on the properties of acetamiprid solution and droplet deposition characteristics sprayed by UAV","volume":"15","author":"Zeeshan M","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1017\/wet.2019.101","article-title":"Coverage and drift potential associated with nozzle and speed selection for herbicide applications using an unmanned aerial sprayer","volume":"34","author":"Hunter J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weed Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su17052083","article-title":"Optimizing UAV spraying for sustainability: different system spray drift control and adjuvant performance","volume":"17","author":"Semenisin M","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.107634","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the spatial and temporal distributions of the downwash airflow and spray field of a co\u2010axial eight\u2010rotor plant protection UAV in hover","volume":"206","author":"Tang Y","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Electron Agric"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6080204","article-title":"A wind\u2010tunnel assessment of parameters that may impact spray drift during UAV pesticide application","volume":"6","author":"Grant S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drones"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.71262","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ps.71262","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.71262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:46:02Z","timestamp":1788237962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.71262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.71262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.71262","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ps.71262"}}