{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:17:25Z","timestamp":1788239845158,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Helicoverpa armigera<\/jats:italic>\n are destructive noctuid pests resistant to multiple pesticides. This study quantified predatory performance, functional response, searching efficiency, and prey preference across developmental stages of\n Euagoras plagiatus<\/jats:italic>\n against second\u2010instar larvae of both pests under laboratory conditions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n All developmental stages of\n E. plagiatus<\/jats:italic>\n successfully preyed on both species, with functional responses conforming to the Holling Type II model in most developmental\u00a0stages. Maximum daily consumption increased significantly with predator development (\n S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n :\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (5, 24)<\/jats:sub>\n =\u200976.40,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01;\n H. armigera<\/jats:italic>\n :\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (5, 24)<\/jats:sub>\n =\u200976.68,\n P\u2009<<\/jats:italic>\n \u20090.01). Fifth\u2010instar nymphs achieved the highest consumption of\n S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n (131.58 prey\/day), while females consumed the most\n H. armigera<\/jats:italic>\n (131.58 prey\/day). Both stages also exhibited superior control efficiency (\n a\/T<\/jats:italic>\n \n h<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009124.95 for nymphs against\n S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n ;\n a\/T<\/jats:italic>\n \n h<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009124.99 for females against\n H. armigera<\/jats:italic>\n ), indicating pronounced stage\u2010dependent predatory capacity. Searching efficiency in fifth\u2010instar nymphs and adults declined with increasing prey density, whereas preference assays revealed\n E. plagiatus<\/jats:italic>\n preferentially attacked\n H. armigera<\/jats:italic>\n when offered equal densities of both species.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifth\u2010instar nymphs and adults of\n E. plagiatus<\/jats:italic>\n demonstrate substantial potential as biological control agents against second\u2010instar noctuid larvae. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:33:16Z","timestamp":1788237196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage\u2010dependent predation by\n Euagoras plagiatus<\/i>\n against\n Spodoptera frugiperda<\/i>\n and\n Helicoverpa armigera<\/i>\n larvae under laboratory conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5096-0497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaorui","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongrui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chenzhou Tobacco Company of Hunan Province Chenzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaolong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Tobacco Research Institute Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yansong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chenzhou Tobacco Company of Hunan Province Chenzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13030911","article-title":"Interspecific competition between invasive Spodoptera frugiperda and indigenous Helicoverpa armigera in maize fields of China","volume":"13","author":"Song YF","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1127\/entomologia\/2022\/1659","article-title":"Invasiveness, biology, ecology, and management of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda","volume":"43","author":"Kenis M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Entomol Gen"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119618","article-title":"The potential distribution of invading Helicoverpa armigera in North America: is it just a matter of 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