{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T07:09:45Z","timestamp":1788764985818,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play a pivotal role in metabolic herbicide resistance, yet demonstrating that a P450 can metabolize a herbicide is not sufficient to establish that it is responsible for resistance in weeds. The rapid expansion of transcriptomic resources and functional assays has accelerated the discovery of herbicide\u2010metabolizing P450s, creating an increasing need for rigorous criteria to evaluate their actual contribution to resistance. This review examines the evidence required to link individual P450s to resistance phenotypes and discusses how different experimental approaches should be interpreted. We evaluate the strengths and limitations of weed characterization, inheritance analysis, analytical chemistry, transcriptomics, genetic mapping, recombinant protein assays, and plant transformation, emphasizing that no single line of evidence provides definitive proof. Instead, confidence is achieved through the convergence of complementary genetic, biochemical and physiological data. We further argue that the future of metabolic resistance research lies not in cataloguing additional herbicide\u2010metabolizing enzymes, but in identifying the P450s that shape resistance evolution and cross\u2010resistance in agricultural populations. Establishing rigorous criteria for causal inference will improve the biological interpretation of candidate genes and provide a stronger foundation for predicting and managing metabolism\u2010based herbicide resistance. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                    <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                    published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T06:53:20Z","timestamp":1788764000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying resistance\u2010conferring cytochrome\n                    <scp>P450s<\/scp>\n                    in weeds: experimental strategies and practical considerations"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4012-9899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Iwakami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7533-430X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology Toyama Prefectural University  Imizu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.06.028","article-title":"Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution","volume":"14","author":"Hansen CC","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Plant"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6040","article-title":"Cytochrome P450\u2010mediated herbicide metabolism in plants: current understanding and prospects","volume":"77","author":"Dimaano NG","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10307","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV120.013572","article-title":"Mechanisms of evolved herbicide resistance","volume":"295","author":"Gaines TA","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1564\/v31_aug_04","article-title":"Metabolism\u2010based herbicide resistance, the major threat among the non\u2010target site resistance mechanisms","volume":"31","author":"Rigon CAG","year":"2020","journal-title":"Outlook Pest Manag"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"879","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1987 British Crop Protection Conference\u2010Weeds","author":"Moss SR","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)82244-3","article-title":"The carbon monoxide\u2010binding pigment of liver microsomes. 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