{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T07:02:19Z","timestamp":1789455739343,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The soybean bud borer,\n                      <jats:italic>Crocidosema<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp., evolved field resistance to Cry1Ac soybean in Brazil, raising concerns regarding the durability of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Bt) soybean technologies and potential evolution of resistance to additional Bt proteins. Here, a Cry2Ab2\u2010resistant strain of\n                      <jats:italic>Crocidosema<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. was selected and characterized to investigate resistance inheritance, cross\u2010resistance to Cry1 proteins, and fitness costs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Laboratory selection with leaves of Cry2Ab2 soybean generated a resistant strain of\n                      <jats:italic>Crocidosema<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. exhibiting &gt;\u200915\u2009000\u2010fold resistance relative to a susceptible strain. Reciprocal crosses showed resistance ratios of 8.46\u2010 and 30.17\u2010fold, suggesting autosomal inheritance, although a maternal effect could not be completely excluded. Effective dominance (\n                      <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ML<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) indicated incompletely recessive resistance under exposure to Cry2Ab2 in diet\u2010overlay bioassays (\n                      <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ML<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.08\u20130.25) and on Cry2Ab2 soybean (\n                      <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ML<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.16\u20130.26). Backcross analyses indicated a major\u2010gene contribution, with potential involvement of additional genetic factors. Bioassays with Cry1Ac and Cry1A.105 proteins and Bt soybean revealed no cross\u2010resistance between Cry2Ab2 and these Cry1 proteins. Fitness assessments indicated no apparent cost of resistance, with a higher intrinsic rate of population increase (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2098) in the resistant than susceptible strain (0.112\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.098) and a relative fitness of 1.14.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Resistance to Cry2Ab2 in\n                      <jats:italic>Crocidosema<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. appears to be autosomal and incompletely recessive, with a major\u2010gene contribution to the resistance phenotype. Cry2Ab2 resistance did not confer cross\u2010resistance to Cry1Ac or Cry1A.105, supporting Cry2Ab2 as an additional mode of action in Bt soybean technologies. The lack of an apparent fitness cost may favor the persistence of resistance alleles in the field, reinforcing the need for effective resistance management. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:24:58Z","timestamp":1788438298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of\n                    <scp>Cry2Ab2<\/scp>\n                    resistance in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Crocidosema<\/i>\n                      sp.\n                    <\/scp>\n                    (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): resistance selection, inheritance, cross\u2010resistance patterns, and fitness costs"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Venicius E","family":"Pretto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection Federal University of Santa Maria  Santa Maria Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica LS","family":"Grzybowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection Federal University of Santa Maria  Santa Maria Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otavio","family":"Liberalesso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection Federal University of Santa Maria  Santa Maria Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2849-8886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela N","family":"Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection Federal University of Santa Maria  Santa Maria Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Dallanora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection Federal University of Santa Maria  Santa Maria Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marylia P","family":"Cargnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection Federal University of Santa Maria  Santa Maria Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato J","family":"Horikoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Science Bayer Crop Science  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy S","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Science Bayer Crop Science  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramiro FL","family":"Ovejero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Science Bayer Crop Science  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0672-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Miraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Science Bayer Crop Science  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Science Bayer Crop Science  Chesterfield MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham P","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Science Bayer Crop Science  Chesterfield MO 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