{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:56:51Z","timestamp":1790575011070,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n The two\u2010spotted spider mite (\n Tetranychus urticae<\/jats:italic>\n ) is a major pest in protected cropping systems, causing substantial economic losses in high\u2010value crops, including strawberry and oriental melon. Although biological control using predatory mites, particularly\n Neoseiulus californicus<\/jats:italic>\n , is widely used, its large\u2010scale application remains constrained by high production costs and reliance on centralized industrial rearing systems. We developed a simple, low\u2010input pouch\u2010based rearing system for the cost\u2010effective production of\n N. californicus<\/jats:italic>\n that can be readily implemented at the farm level. To optimize rearing conditions, we evaluated the effects of pouch material and substrate composition on the population growth of the factitious prey mite\n Lepidoglyphus destructor<\/jats:italic>\n . We then assessed the field performance of self\u2010produced predatory mites in strawberry and oriental melon systems.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n Among tested treatments, a vinyl\u2013paper (VP) breeding pouch containing a 70% wheat bran substrate supplemented with 10% chick feed resulted in significantly higher prey mite densities, indicating that both microenvironmental regulation and nutrient supplementation are critical for optimal prey production. Under optimized conditions,\n N. californicus<\/jats:italic>\n populations increased 12.9\u2010fold within 2\u2009weeks, reaching densities exceeding 1.0\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n 4<\/jats:sup>\n individuals L\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n . In field trials, periodic releases of on\u2010farm\u2010produced predatory mites significantly suppressed\n Tetranychus urticae<\/jats:italic>\n populations, achieving control efficacies of 83.1% for strawberry and 94.2% for oriental melon relative to untreated controls.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n These results demonstrate that the proposed pouch\u2010based breeding system provides a practical, low\u2010cost, scalable alternative to conventional industrial rearing approaches that can enhance the accessibility, responsiveness, and cost\u2010efficiency of on\u2010farm biological control in protected cropping systems. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:34:39Z","timestamp":1790573679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A simple pouch\u2010based system for the low\u2010cost, on\u2010farm rearing of\n \n Neoseiulus californicus<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n and its field efficacy against\n \n Tetranychus urticae<\/i>\n <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6000-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwal\u2010Su","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Plant Medicine Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duck\u2010Oung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Sustainable Agriculture Research Center Kyungpook National University Gunwi Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4640-8330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0534-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyeong\u2010Yeoll","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Plant Medicine Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Sustainable Agriculture Research Center Kyungpook National University Gunwi Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2010.05.008","article-title":"Acaricide resistance mechanisms in the two\u2010spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and other important Acari: a review","volume":"40","author":"Van Leeuwen T","year":"2010","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.24349\/acarologia\/20184275","article-title":"Use of predatory mites in commercial biocontrol: current status and future prospects","volume":"58","author":"Knapp M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acarologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-022-00881-9","article-title":"Biological control: a global perspective","volume":"42","author":"Maurya RP","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Trop Insect Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-011-9395-1","article-title":"The state of commercial augmentative biological control: plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake","volume":"57","author":"Lenteren JC","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biocontrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-005-0067-7","article-title":"Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a potential control agent of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): effect of pest\/predator ratio on pest abundance on strawberry","volume":"37","author":"Greco NM","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-007-9109-7","article-title":"Biological control of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, with predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus, in strawberries","volume":"43","author":"Fraulo AB","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Mass Prod Benef Org Invertebr Entomopathog","author":"Vangansbeke D","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"A practical mass\u2010rearing system for phytoseiid mites: a case study with Amblyseius swirskii, Neoseiulus californicus, and Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytosiidae)","volume":"14","author":"Yari S","year":"2025","journal-title":"Persian J Acarol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Advances in insect rearing for research and pest management","author":"Gilkeson LA","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Development of the mass\u2010rearing technique for a predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) using the double box system","volume":"57","author":"Jung D","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Appl Entomol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-022-00739-2","article-title":"Population dynamics of mites in slow\u2010release sachets used in biological control: a new study methodology. Palo Alto,","volume":"87","author":"Gallego JR","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Revision of the lifestyles of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and implications for biological control strategies","volume":"18","author":"McMurtry JA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Syst Appl Acarol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41938-022-00518-6","article-title":"Cost\u2010effective and efficient factitious prey for mass production of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae): assessing its quality compared with natural prey","volume":"32","author":"Yazdanpanah S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt J Biol Pest Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/01647954.2021.1895310","article-title":"Effectiveness of factitious foods and artificial substrate in mass rearing and conservation of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)","volume":"47","author":"Khanamani M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Acarol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94121-y","article-title":"Diet optimization for rearing Transeius montdorensis predatory mites under laboratory conditions","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen H","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14182912","article-title":"Effects of alternative food sources and different substrates on the mass rearing of Amblyseius andersoni","volume":"14","author":"Bechtsoudis A","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Biological and demographic parameters of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari Phytoseiidae) reared on two astigmatid mites","volume":"89","author":"Simoni S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Redia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2015.06.010","article-title":"Evaluation of astigmatid mites as factitious food for rearing four predaceous phytoseiid mites (Acari: Astigmatina; Phytoseiidae)","volume":"91","author":"Barbosa MFC","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Buckwheat as a nourishment of Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schr.) 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dynamics, and strategies for control of tetranychid mites","volume":"14","author":"Janssen A","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.12791\/KSBEC.2022.31.1.043","article-title":"Ventilation at supra\u2010optimal temperature leading high relative humidity controls powdery mildew, silverleaf whitefly, mite and inhibits the flowering of Korean melon in a greenhouse cultivation","volume":"31","author":"Seo TC","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bio Environ Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"503","volume-title":"Biocontrol in protected culture","author":"Lenteren JC","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Pest Management 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