{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:03:20Z","timestamp":1789535000057,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013783","name":"American Mosquito Control Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013783","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      biting midges are small flies that are considered a nuisance pest that also can serve as vectors for a number of human and veterinary\u2010important pathogens. This study evaluated the efficacy of larvicide products against\n                      <jats:italic>C.\u2009sonorensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations under controlled semi\u2010field conditions and investigated how environmental factors influence the degradation and persistence of the larvicide active ingredients (AIs) in an artificial larval habitat at three study locations (Lubbock, TX; Manhattan, KS; and Slidell, LA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All tested larvicide products resulted in larval mortality in bioassays, but efficacy declined significantly with days post\u2010treatment across all products. Overall, larval mortality in bioassays post\u2010treatment was significantly lower at the TX site relative to the LA and KS sites. A general linear model revealed a significant main effect of larvicide products on larval mortality. Qualitative comparisons between site\u2010specific observed mortality and environmental conditions show variations in climate (precipitation but not photodegradation) possibly associated with product performance. Greater amounts of rainfall occurred in LA and KS than in TX during the study periods, which is likely to have reduced residual efficacy over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate that environmental factors, particularly precipitation and larval habitat substrate disturbance may have played a role in limiting larvicide efficacy against\n                      <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      midges. The results are discussed in relation to providing information to guide appropriate larvicide AI choices and application frequencies to target\n                      <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:23:16Z","timestamp":1789532596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating larvicide performance against\n                    <i>Culicoides sonorensis<\/i>\n                    in semi\u2010field conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Destiny","family":"Cuellar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University  Lubbock TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Arthropod\u2010Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit  Manhattan KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin A","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Arthropod\u2010Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit  Manhattan KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isik","family":"Unlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Tammany Parish Mosquito Abatement  Slidell LA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaz","family":"Surowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Texas Tech University  Lubbock TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A","family":"Caillouet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Tammany Parish Mosquito Abatement  Slidell LA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University  Lubbock TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee W","family":"Cohnstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Foreign Arthropod\u2010Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit  Manhattan KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2030-9040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corey L","family":"Brelsfoard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University  Lubbock TX 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