{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T17:05:47Z","timestamp":1789405547202,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Phthorimaea absoluta<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive pests of tomato worldwide and has repeatedly evolved resistance to insecticides. Spinosyn insecticides, particularly spinetoram, are widely used for its control due to their high efficacy and favorable selectivity. This study investigated temporal changes in susceptibility to spinetoram in Brazilian populations of\n                      <jats:italic>Phthorimaea absoluta<\/jats:italic>\n                      over a 6\u2010year monitoring period and characterized the genetic basis, metabolic contribution, and cross\u2010resistance patterns of a resistant population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diagnostic\u2010dose monitoring repeatedly detected resistant phenotypes across geographically distinct populations during 6\u2009years of surveillance, indicating that resistance alleles are established in Brazilian populations despite temporal variation in their apparent frequencies. Laboratory selection of a field\u2010derived population (PTY\u2010Sel) resulted in a high level of resistance to spinetoram (resistance ratio (RR\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) \u2248\u20091145). Reciprocal crosses indicated autosomal inheritance, and dominance estimates (DD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.43 to \u22120.57) showed that resistance was incompletely recessive. Backcross analyses supported a monofactorial basis of resistance. Synergism assays revealed significant reductions in median lethal concentration (LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) in the resistant strain after exposure to piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM), and\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) (synergism ratio (SR\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      )\u2009=\u20097.59\u20138.78), indicating involvement of detoxification enzymes. However, resistance remained high under synergized conditions, suggesting that metabolic detoxification alone does not fully explain the resistance phenotype. Strong cross\u2010resistance to spinosad (RR\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2248\u2009683) was observed, whereas only minor differences in susceptibility occurred for the non\u2010spinosyn insecticides; cyclaniliprole susceptibility was similar between strains, while PTY\u2010Sel showed increased susceptibility to isocycloseram. Effective dominance declined with increasing concentration, and resistance became functionally recessive at \u2265\u200915\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Resistance to spinetoram in\n                      <jats:italic>Phthorimaea absoluta<\/jats:italic>\n                      can evolve rapidly and is primarily associated with a major recessive genetic factor, with metabolic detoxification contributing to the resistance phenotype. The cross\u2010resistance profile provides important insights for designing resistance management strategies in tomato production systems. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:34:06Z","timestamp":1789403646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid evolution and genetic basis of spinetoram resistance in\n                    <i>Phthorimaea absoluta<\/i>\n                    : evidence from six years of monitoring and laboratory selection"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0662-188X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Te\u00f3filo P.","family":"Langa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria Universidade Eduardo Mondlane  Vilankulo Mozambique"},{"name":"Centro de Excel\u00eancia em Sistemas Agroalimentares e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o (CE\u2010AFSN) Universidade Eduardo Mondlane  Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6518-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Quintela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5466-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8802-8977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert A. A.","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-010-0321-6","article-title":"Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control","volume":"83","author":"Desneux N","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pest Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(20)63165-3","article-title":"First report of the south American tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), in China","volume":"19","author":"Zhang G\u2010f","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Integr 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