{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T17:07:56Z","timestamp":1789405676366,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Carbon dioxide (CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) is an important chemosensory cue involved in host plant recognition and environmental navigation in moths. In insects, CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      detection is generally mediated by specific gustatory receptors (GRs). This study aimed to identify and functionally characterize CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010related GRs in the fall armyworm,\n                      <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three candidate GR genes, designated\n                      <jats:italic>Sfru<\/jats:italic>\n                      GR1,\n                      <jats:italic>Sfru<\/jats:italic>\n                      GR2, and\n                      <jats:italic>Sfru<\/jats:italic>\n                      GR3, were identified through genomic and transcriptomic analyses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these receptors clustered with conserved insect CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      GRs and formed three distinct monophyletic clades. Quantitative real\u2010time PCR revealed that\n                      <jats:italic>Sfru<\/jats:italic>\n                      GR3 was expressed at significantly higher levels than\n                      <jats:italic>Sfru<\/jats:italic>\n                      GR1 and\n                      <jats:italic>Sfru<\/jats:italic>\n                      GR2 across multiple adult tissues and larval stages. Two\u2010electrode voltage clamp recordings in\n                      <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                      oocytes showed that only the co\u2010expression of\n                      <jats:italic>Sfru<\/jats:italic>\n                      GR1\u2009+\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>Sfru<\/jats:italic>\n                      GR3 among seven receptor combinations produced significant responses to bicarbonate ions (HCO\u2083\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), which were used to represent dissolved CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Electrolabialpalpography assays demonstrated that FAW labial palps responded to CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      in a concentration\u2010dependent manner, with 1% CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      eliciting the strongest electrophysiological response, especially in females. In Y\u2010tube olfactometer assays, males were significantly attracted to 1% CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , whereas females showed only a weak behavioral response.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results indicate that\n                      <jats:italic>Sfru<\/jats:italic>\n                      GR1 and\n                      <jats:italic>Sfru<\/jats:italic>\n                      GR3 are key components of CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      perception in FAW. This study provides new insight into the molecular and behavioral mechanisms of CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      sensing in this destructive agricultural pest. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:55:31Z","timestamp":1789404931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional characterization of carbon dioxide receptors in the fall armyworm,\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Minghui","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of 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