{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:13:41Z","timestamp":1790162021097,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025YFE0212000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFE0212000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["lzujbky\u20102024\u2010it74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky\u20102024\u2010it74"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alfalfa (\n                      <jats:italic>Medicago sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), a globally vital forage crop, faces persistent pest pressures dominated by chemical control, with underexplored biocontrol potential. Here, we investigated arthropod dynamics in two alfalfa fields (2019\u20132021), testing the hypothesis that three\u2010dimensional niche partitioning (temporal, spatial, and trophic) facilitates spider coexistence and may enhance biocontrol.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combining pitfall trapping (ground arthropods) and sweep netting (canopy arthropods) with molecular dietary profiling of five dominant spider species from three families (Lycosidae, Philodromidae, and Thomisidae), we demonstrated that spiders dominated the predator guild with significantly greater abundance and richness than other natural enemies. Temporal niche differentiation emerged through spiders' seasonally lagged responses to prey availability, featuring consistent bimodal activity peaks around May and August. Spatial niche segregation manifested as vertical stratification between ground and canopy microhabitats, reducing interspecific competition. Trophic niche complementarity occurred through species\u2010specific prey specialization: ambush predators (Thomisidae) targeting late\u2010season pests while cursorial hunters (e.g., Lycosidae) suppressed early season herbivores, thereby minimizing dietary resource overlap. Critically, staggered mowing maintained refuge habitats during key phenological windows, while structural habitat enhancement preserved vertical stratification, collectively optimizing spider\u2010mediated biocontrol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that the targeted management of spatiotemporal trophic niches by harnessing the innate biocontrol capacity of spiders may enable sustainable pest regulation, thereby reducing the reliance on agrochemicals in alfalfa agroecosystems. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T10:38:06Z","timestamp":1790159886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional niche partitioning drives spider coexistence in alfalfa agroecosystems: enabling targeted biocontrol optimization"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China\u2010Kazakhstan Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Grassland Ecological Restoration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China\u2010Kazakhstan Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Grassland Ecological Restoration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi\u2010Yun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China\u2010Kazakhstan Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Grassland Ecological Restoration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang\u2010Zhen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China\u2010Kazakhstan Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Grassland Ecological Restoration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China\u2010Kazakhstan Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Grassland Ecological Restoration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4078-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming\u2010Long","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China\u2010Kazakhstan Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Grassland Ecological Restoration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2007.08.007","article-title":"Pasture yield and soil water depletion of continuous growing alfalfa in the loess plateau of China","volume":"124","author":"Li Y","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14112732","article-title":"Investigation of nitrogen fixation efficiency in 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