{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:05:17Z","timestamp":1789535117072,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32472564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n Conventional pesticides suffer from poor foliar retention, rapid degradation, and high non\u2010target toxicity, driving the need for smarter delivery systems. To address these limitations, we encapsulated\n \u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010cyhalothrin in\n O<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010carboxymethyl chitosan (LC@O\u2010CMCS), and comprehensively evaluated its physicochemical properties, insecticidal activity and safety.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n LC@O\u2010CMCS exhibited spherical morphology, uniform pesticide encapsulation, and pH\u2010dependent release characteristics, with 40.12% cumulative release at pH\u20098.0 after 168\u2009h. LC@O\u2010CMCS significantly enhanced foliar deposition and wettability on litchi leaves, prolonging the field half\u2010life from 8.11 to 14.17\u2009days compared to free LC. Bioassays against\n Conogethes punctiferalis<\/jats:italic>\n demonstrated stage\u2010specific efficacy of LC@O\u2010CMCS, with lower median lethal concentration (LC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n ) values than free LC for larvae (0.43\u2009mg\/L\n versus<\/jats:italic>\n 0.50\u2009mg\/L), female (0.99\u2009mg\/L\n versus<\/jats:italic>\n 1.36\u2009mg\/L) and male (0.53\u2009mg\/L\n versus<\/jats:italic>\n 0.69\u2009mg\/L) adults. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant sex\u2010specific responses. Free LC induced 139 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in male moth and 3495 DEGs in female, while LC@O\u2010CMCS treatment caused 7642 DEGs in male and 1107 DEGs in female. The carrier O\u2010CMCS alone caused negligible DEGs in each sex, confirming that the observed sex\u2010dependent transcriptional changes are attributable to the nanoformulation rather than to the carrier material itself. Detoxification enzyme activities were induced exclusively in female moths, with no corresponding induction observed in males, confirming a clear sex\u2010specific response. Notably, LC@O\u2010CMCS reduced acute contact toxicity to\n Eocanthecona furcellata<\/jats:italic>\n by about 11\u2010fold.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n These findings demonstrate that O\u2010CMCS\u2010based nanodelivery enhances insecticidal performance through optimized physicochemical properties and sex\u2010specific mechanisms, offering a sustainable strategy for precision pest management. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:41:26Z","timestamp":1789533686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A\n pH<\/scp>\n \u2010responsive\n O<\/i>\n \u2010carboxymethyl chitosan nanoencapsulation improves\n \u03bb<\/i>\n \u2010cyhalothrin efficacy and induces sex\u2010specific responses in\n Conogethes punctiferalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection Guangzhou P. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4835-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection Guangzhou P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuanggang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection Guangzhou P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1115-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosecurity Guiyang University Guiyang P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5484-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection Guangzhou P. R. 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