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However, evidence on the joint adoption, intensity of use, and knowledge of multiple GPTs remains limited in Ethiopia. This study examined the adoption of green pest control, soil testing and fertilization, and organic fertilizer among 506 wheat\u2010growing households. A multivariate probit model, zero\u2010inflated Poisson regression, and double\u2010hurdle model were employed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results revealed significant complementarities among the three GPTs, indicating that farmers tend to adopt them jointly. Family size, education, annual income, perceived benefits, declining soil fertility, and the prevalence of crop diseases and pests positively influenced adoption decisions and adoption intensity. In contrast, perceived risks, high technology costs, and greater distance from markets negatively affected adoption. Ownership of communication assets, participation in agricultural training, access to extension services, and membership in farmer groups were positively associated with the adoption and use of GPTs. The results also demonstrated significant spatial heterogeneity in farmers' adoption behavior across wheat\u2010producing locations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GPT adoption is shaped by household resources, perceptions, access to information, market constraints, and location\u2010specific conditions. Policies should promote integrated technology packages, strengthen extension and training services, support farmer organizations, and reduce technology costs and market\u2010access barriers. These findings advance understanding of the interdependence of green technologies and the factors influencing their adoption and intensity of use in smallholder wheat production. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:42:26Z","timestamp":1789958546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adoption of complementary green production technologies among Ethiopian smallholder farmers"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6377-0251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadesse Tolera","family":"Ejeta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management Northwest A and F University  Yangling China"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics Ambo University  Ambo Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0140-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuguang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management Northwest A and F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bacha Gebissa","family":"Negeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management Northwest A and F University  Yangling China"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics, Shambu Campus Wollega University  Ambo Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chimdessa Uma","family":"Negera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management Northwest A and F University  Yangling China"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics Ambo University  Ambo Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0923-7341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lemane","family":"Gebeyehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics Ambo University  Ambo Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Jimma University  Jimma Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemedo","family":"Furo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management Northwest A and F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mideksa Dabessa","family":"Iticha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics Ambo University  Ambo Ethiopia"},{"name":"College of Economics and Management Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/land14010054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23925"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17196976"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Promoting the adoption of agricultural green production technologies for sustainable farming: a multi\u2010attribute decision analysis","volume":"14","author":"Asiedu\u2010ayeh LO","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCCSM-06-2022-0071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164466"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"FDRE Planning and Development Commission Ten years development plan: a pathway to prosperity. 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