{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:03:50Z","timestamp":1790147030001,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plant diseases pose a persistent threat to agricultural and forestry production, while the extensive use of conventional fungicides has promoted resistance development and raised environmental residue concerns. Therefore, developing plant essential oil\u2010derived antifungal leads with novel modes of action represents a promising strategy for sustainable disease management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A series of citral\u2010derived 1,4\u2010dihydropyridine (1,4\u2010DHP) and pyridine derivatives C1\u2013C12 and D1\u2013D10 were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound C1 showed the most potent antifungal activity, with a half\u2010maximal effective concentration (EC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) value of 1.88\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      against\n                      <jats:italic>Fusarium graminearum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which was superior to carbendazim (EC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.70\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments showed that compound C1 at 200\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      achieved protective and curative effects against\n                      <jats:italic>F. graminearum<\/jats:italic>\n                      at 77.91% and 95.70%, which were equipotent to carbendazim. Notably, compound C1 exhibited higher pH stability than citral under the tested acid\u2013base conditions. Structure\u2013activity relationship analysis suggested that short\u2010chain alkyl substitution was favorable for improving antifungal activity. Transcriptomic, morphological, and physiological and biochemical analyses revealed that compound C1 exerted its antifungal activity by disrupting cell membrane integrity and cellular ultrastructure, suppressing mitochondrial energy metabolism, and disturbing redox homeostasis in\n                      <jats:italic>F. graminearum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Molecular docking suggested that the 1,4\u2010DHP ring and ester groups are key structural features facilitating target binding and the antifungal activity of compound C1. Moreover, compound C1 exhibited limited cytotoxicity toward LO2 and HEK293 cells at 10\u2009mg\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , moderate acute toxicity to zebrafish, and low predicted bioconcentration potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compound C1 shows promise as a multi\u2010targeted antifungal lead for the green management of Fusarium head blight (FHB). \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:38:24Z","timestamp":1790145504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Citral\u2010derived 1,4\u2010dihydropyridine\/pyridine antifungal leads: multitarget disruption of the cellular barrier, energy metabolism, and redox homeostasis in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Fusarium graminearum<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Jiulong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University  Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9177-9459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1622-563X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengliang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University  Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8392-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minggui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing 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