{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:57:14Z","timestamp":1790567834162,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The frequency and types of insecticides and application methods used by licensed pesticide operators were analyzed in this pilot study as a starting point to help understand insecticide applications in North Carolina (NC). The primary objective was to conduct a baseline assessment of methods and target pests for insecticide applications made by different types of licensed applicators in NC. A survey of licensed NC pesticide operators was conducted on topics such as pest control services\/insecticides, target pests, continuing education, and personal protective equipment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 105 responses were recorded from different license types. The most frequent respondent license type was 032 (County\/City Public Pesticide Operator; Ground). Within this license type, Category L (Ornamental\/Turf) (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200947, 48%) and Category B (Public Health) (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200924, 25%) were the two most reported. The most frequent target pests included ants, mosquitoes, and aphids. Integrated pest management methods such as surveillance\/trapping of target pests, using insecticide resistance (IR) information to guide operational changes, and product rotations were reported. Some responses (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200931, 34%) reported using the same insecticides every year and many did not monitor IR. The most common class of insecticide reported was pyrethroids (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200965, 68%). Resistance monitoring varied and included usage of callback rates, visual monitoring of habitats, bottle bioassays, and following university research. More than half expressed interest in learning more about IR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This assessment of target pests, insecticides, and application methods by licensed operators in NC can serve as a baseline for further studies on implications for resistance management. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:44:36Z","timestamp":1790567076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of insecticide use practices in licensed pest control operators in North Carolina"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Kaylin","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Sciences East Carolina University  Greenville NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0072-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Sciences East Carolina University  Greenville NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinan","family":"Sousan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University  Greenville NC USA"},{"name":"Agromedicine Institute East Carolina University  Greenville NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo Anne","family":"Balanay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Sciences East Carolina University  Greenville NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Pesticides(2026).https:\/\/www.niehs.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/agents\/pesticides[27 January 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture Integrated Pest Management(2025).https:\/\/www.usda.gov\/about\u2010usda\/general\u2010information\/staff\u2010offices\/office\u2010chief\u2010economist\/office\u2010pest\u2010management\u2010policy\u2010opmp\/integrated\u2010pest\u2010managemen[27 January 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083641"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Agricultural Statistics\u2010Census of Agriculture(2025).https:\/\/www.ncagr.gov\/divisions\/agricultural\u2010statistics\/agricultural\u2010statistics\u2010census\u2010agriculture[27 January 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Wilderness Connect Acreage by State(2025).https:\/\/wilderness.net\/practitioners\/wilderness\u2010areas\/summary\u2010reports\/acreage\u2010by\u2010state.php[27 January 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"Insecticide Resistance Action Committee Insecticide Resistance(2024).https:\/\/irac-online.org\/[27 January 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Structural Pest Control and Pesticides: Pesticide Licenses(2025).https:\/\/www.ncagr.gov\/divisions\/structural\u2010pest\u2010control\u2010and\u2010pesticides\/pesticide\/licensing\u2010and\u2010certification\/licenses[27 January 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency Risk of Disease From Mosquito and Tick Bites(2024).https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/insect-repellents\/risk-disease-mosquito-and-tick-bites[27 January 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114292"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05318-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1112278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.251678"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","article-title":"Assessing insecticide resistance in adult mosquitoes: perspectives on current methods","volume":"14","author":"Richards SL","year":"2020","journal-title":"Env Hlth Ins"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70387\/001c.147151"}],"container-title":["Pest Management 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