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This study compared four season\u2010long\n                      <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic>\n                      management strategies that differed in spring drone\u2010brood management and late\u2010summer treatment strategy: (i) synthetic treatment without drone\u2010brood removal; (ii) the organic Baden\u2013W\u00fcrttemberg (BW) concept; (iii) an integrated oxalic acid \u2018split and treat\u2019 strategy; and (iv) brood availability manipulation (BAM), a biotechnical strategy combining systematic drone\u2010brood removal and queen confinement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intensive drone\u2010brood removal effectively suppressed seasonal mite population growth, whereas more limited removal provided only moderate control. Colonies in the synthetic treatment strategy, which did not include drone\u2010brood removal, exceeded treatment thresholds by mid\u2010summer. Late\u2010summer treatment efficacy differed among strategies, with BAM and the BW concept achieving the most consistent mite reduction, whereas the integrated strategy showed lower and more variable efficacy. Residual infestation levels reflected these differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Colony performance, including strength, worker emergence weight, fat body reserves and virus prevalence, did not differ among treatments. No statistically detectable differences in honey yield were observed, although this exploratory analysis was limited by the number of colonies within individual treatment groups. Winter bee longevity showed minor variation, with slightly extended survival in BAM colonies. These findings demonstrate that seasonally integrated biotechnical management can effectively control\n                      <jats:italic>V.\u2009destructor<\/jats:italic>\n                      without compromising colony performance, providing a sustainable alternative to synthetic acaricides under temperate Central European conditions. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:57:26Z","timestamp":1790830646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of nonchemical, organic and synthetic\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Varroa destructor<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    control strategies in honey bee colonies: effects on parasite load, colony strength and health"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2719-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon M.","family":"Reinhold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Institute of Bee Research University of Hohenheim  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten S.","family":"Traynor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Institute of Bee Research University of Hohenheim  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006456720416"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2007040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.178228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Apivar\u00ae and Bayvarol\u00ae suppress varroa mites in honey bee colonies in Canadian maritime provinces","volume":"15","author":"Olmstead S","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acad Entomol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-020-00749-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2003060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2004036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2001133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013939"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2376\/1439-0299-2022-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/92.3.526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2002029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d11120243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2005063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-021-00859-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1995.tb01903.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19900304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-98.3.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.2003.11099587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19880204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2020.1793278"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Numerical development of the honeybee colony. 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