{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:49:51Z","timestamp":1791528591718,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Moulting is a crucial process in the growth and development of insects and is also a key focus in the development of insecticides. Cyromazine, a moulting disruptor, is widely used to control dipteran pests, yet its mechanism of action and the genetic basis of resistance remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically investigate the inheritance pattern, potential resistance mechanisms, and associated fitness costs by developing a cyromazine\u2010resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain through continuous laboratory selection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After long\u2010term directional selection, we successfully established the cyromazine\u2010resistance (Cyr\u2010R) strain with a resistance ratio of 50.19\u2010fold. Genetic analysis revealed that the resistance trait is autosomal, incompletely dominance and polygenic. The Cyr\u2010R strain exhibited only a 4.64\u2010fold low level cross\u2010resistance to chlorfluazuron, with no cross\u2010resistance to other tested insect growth regulators. Notably, the Cyr\u2010R strain exhibited substantial fitness costs: the fecundity and egg hatch rate, pupation rate and eclosion rate had significantly reduced. RNA\u2010sequencing and enzyme activity assays combined with synergism bioassays demonstrated that the cytochrome P450 enzymes play crucial roles in resistance to cyromazine. Quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2010PCR) and molecular docking suggested the possibility that the binding affinities between cyromazine and four cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) proteins.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study has provided comprehensive characterizations of cyromazine resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>D. melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                      , highlighting its slow resistance development, limited cross\u2010resistance, and fitness costs. These findings offer valuable insights for resistance management strategies and further mechanistic studies. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:57:14Z","timestamp":1791525434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resistance characterization and potential resistance mechanism of cyromazine, a moulting disruptor, to\n                    <i>Drosophila melanogaster<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide\u2010Invention and Application  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Qiu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide\u2010Invention and Application  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan\u2010Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide\u2010Invention and Application  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1991-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong\u2010Fen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide\u2010Invention and Application  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0592207","article-title":"Evaluation of CGA 72662 as a topical spray and feed additive for controlling house flies breeding in chicken manure","volume":"59","author":"Williams RE","year":"1980","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/21.4.419","article-title":"Morphogenetic and histopathological effects induced by the insect growth regulator cyromazine in Musca domestica (diptera: muscidae)","volume":"21","author":"Awad TI","year":"1984","journal-title":"J 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