{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:48:47Z","timestamp":1791866927113,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are emerging as promising elicitors of plant defence, yet how plant developmental stage influences their effectiveness remains poorly understood. We investigated whether maize vegetative stage modulates SiNP\u2010mediated defence responses, and their consequences for herbivores and natural enemies. We hypothesized that SiNPs induce stage\u2010 and concentration\u2010dependent defence, with stronger effects at earlier vegetative stages.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n Maize plants at four vegetative stages (V3\u2013V6; corresponding to stages 1\u20134) were treated with different SiNP concentrations, and responses were assessed across multiple biological levels. SiNP application did not significantly affect plant height, leaf length, root length or dry root weight across stages. However, leaf surface hydrophobicity and hydrogen peroxide (H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) accumulation increased, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased, indicating enhanced oxidative defences and reduced lipid peroxidation. SiNP treatment significantly altered volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles, notably increasing levels of key compounds, such as sesquiterpenes. Aphid (\n Rhopalosiphum maidis<\/jats:italic>\n ) survival, fecundity and population growth were reduced on treated plants, accompanied by reduced settlement in choice assays, whereas olfactory preference in Y\u2010tube tests remained unchanged. Foraging duration of the parasitoid\n Aphidius gifuensis<\/jats:italic>\n increased on SiNP\u2010treated plants at early stages, while predator (\n Harmonia axyridis<\/jats:italic>\n ) behaviour was unaffected.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n Maize developmental stage critically determines the efficacy of SiNP\u2010induced defence and its cascading effects across trophic levels. These findings provide mechanistic insights for optimizing the timing of SiNP application in sustainable integrated pest management strategies, enhancing plant resistance while supporting beneficial natural enemies. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:30:47Z","timestamp":1791865847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental stage determines the efficacy of silica nanoparticles in shaping maize defence, aphid performance and tritrophic interactions"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Yunliang","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Jinhang Agriculture Company, Limited Nong'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7698-5000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamin","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7485-8411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adil","family":"Ton\u011fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diyarbak\u0131r Plant Protection Research Institute Diyarbakir T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2007-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rizhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-011-0140-5","article-title":"Crops that feed the world 6. 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