{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:16:36Z","timestamp":1791285396297,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spear\u00ae\u2010T sold as a contact foliar spray for the control of glasshouse pests such as aphids, thrips, spider mites and whiteflies, contains the recombinant spider venom peptide GS\u2010\u03c9\/\u03ba\u2010HxTx\u2010Hv1h (named as GS\u2010\u03c9\/\u03ba\u2010HxTx\u2010Hv1a by Vestaron) as the active ingredient. Here we investigate whether fusion of the peptide to snowdrop lectin, (<jats:italic>Galanthus nivalis<\/jats:italic> agglutinin; GNA) enhances the efficacy of this venom peptide towards aphid pests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recombinant GS\u2010\u03c9\/\u03ba\u2010HxTx\u2010Hv1h (HxTx\u2010Hv1h) and an HxTx\u2010Hv1h\/GNA fusion protein were produced using the yeast <jats:italic>Pichia pastoris<\/jats:italic>. Purified proteins showed comparable toxicity when injected into lepidopteran (<jats:italic>Mamestra brassicae<\/jats:italic>) larvae, but significant differences in oral and contact activity towards aphids. HxTx\u2010Hv1h had comparable acute oral toxicity to pea (<jats:italic>Acyrthosiphon pisum<\/jats:italic>) and peach potato (<jats:italic>Myzus persicae<\/jats:italic>) aphids with respective Day (2) median lethal concentration (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) values of 111 and 108\u2009\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> derived from diet assays. The fusion protein also showed comparable oral toxicity to both species but D2 LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values were &gt;3\u2010fold lower (35 and 33\u2009\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> for pea and peach potato aphids, respectively) as compared to HxTx\u2010Hv1h. Topically applied toxin and fusion protein, but not GNA, caused significant reductions in pea aphid survival. Contact effects on mortality were significantly greater for aphids exposed to fusion protein as compared to toxin alone. Whole aphid fluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting suggest that improved efficacy is due to enhanced persistence of HxTx\u2010Hv1h when fused to GNA following internalisation of ingested or topically applied proteins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to report on the insecticidal activity of HxTx\u2010Hv1h towards aphids and results suggest that a fusion protein\u2010based approach offers opportunities to significantly enhance oral and contact efficacy of naturally derived toxins, such as HxTx\u2010Hv1h, towards crop pests. \u00a9 2022 The Authors. <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T07:03:48Z","timestamp":1664175828000},"page":"284-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Enhancing the oral and topical insecticidal efficacy of a commercialized spider venom peptide biopesticide via fusion to the carrier snowdrop lectin (<i>Galanthus nivalis<\/i> agglutinin)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Nur Afiqah","family":"Sukiran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences University of Durham  Durham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Pyati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences University of Durham  Durham UK"},{"name":"Ajeet Seeds Pvt. 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Plant Biotechnology Research Centre  Aurangabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin E","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences University of Durham  Durham UK"},{"name":"Biointeractions &amp; Crop Protection Department Rothamstead Research  Harpenden UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian P","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences University of Durham  Durham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J","family":"Readshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences University of Durham  Durham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-8672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine C","family":"Fitches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences University of 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