{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:10:41Z","timestamp":1776154241095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Labor\u2010saving pesticide application technology is eagerly pursued in the planting system of Chinese chives. In this study, we developed a set of application approaches by turning fungicides into smoke to achieve this goal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The fungicides fludioxonil, fluopyram, boscalid, procymidone, and prochloraz could be vaporized into smoke at temperatures below 300\u2009\u00b0C. The SFR (smoke formation rate) decreased with the increasing temperature. At 300\u2009\u00b0C, the SFR of fludioxonil, fluopyram, boscalid and procymidone were all higher than 80%. At 300\u2009\u00b0C and 600\u2009\u00b0C, there were no significant differences in the smoke particle state of these five fungicides. However, the inhibition rate of these five fungicides against the growth of\n                      <jats:italic>Botrytis squamosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      generally decreased with the temperature. At 600\u2009\u00b0C, only fludioxonil and boscalid had inhibition rates higher than 80%. The deposition uniformity of fungicide smoke increased with the increasing amounts of NH\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      Cl. When the amount of NH\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      Cl reached 80% of the total content, the smoke of fungicide was uniformly deposited throughout each glass slide. In the greenhouse experiment, the control efficacy of fungicide application by smoke was significantly better than that of spraying application, whereas its residue was much lower.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is feasible to control air\u2010borne disease through the vaporization of fungicides into smoke by electrical heating. Smoke application would effectively inhibit the spores in the air and would not increase the humidity of the environment. These findings indicate that smoke application is a labor\u2010saving pesticide application technology viable in production. \u00a9 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T11:06:20Z","timestamp":1670497580000},"page":"1399-1409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fungicide smoke generated by electrical heating effectively controls gray mold of Chinese chives and reduces residue risk through adequate environmental sterilization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Haojie","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for the Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an 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