{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:38:20Z","timestamp":1791909500949,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013971","name":"Directorate-General for International Partnerships","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013971","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Kenya, rice (<jats:italic>Oryza sativa<\/jats:italic> L.) is mainly produced under irrigation by small\u2010scale farmers. Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) in Kirinyaga County accounts for 80\u201388% of rice production. Here, rice is the main source of livelihood and a source of revenue generation for the county. However, a recently established invasive freshwater snail, <jats:italic>Pomacea canaliculata<\/jats:italic> (Lamarck) (family: Ampullariidae), a species of apple snail, presents a serious threat to rice production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlight apple snail as a serious problem in MIS. Households that observed at least a moderate level of infestation (&gt;20% of cultivated area) experienced significant reductions in rice yield (~14%) and net rice income (~60%). Farmers reported increased use of chemical pesticides for management of apple snail. In addition, the cost of hired labor for physical removal of egg masses and snails is resulting in substantial negative effects on net income. Farmer age, area of land owned, responsibility for decision\u2010making, receipt of extension advice, training, and membership of a farmer organization, were all statistically significant variables to explain farmers awareness of the need for area\u2010wide apple snail management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Strategies to limit the spread of apple snail are urgently needed. A Multi\u2010Institutional Technical Team (MITT) has been established to spearhead management efforts and consolidate advice to farmers on how to manage apple snail. However, without action to mitigate spread, the consequences could be disastrous for rice production and food security in Kenya, and for other rice growing regions across Africa. \u00a9 2023 The Authors. <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:10:51Z","timestamp":1688343051000},"page":"4343-4356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Assessment of the socio\u2010economic impacts associated with the arrival of apple snail (<i>Pomacea canaliculata<\/i>) in Mwea irrigation scheme, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9053-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate L.","family":"Constantine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Egham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6454-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernadis","family":"Makale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idah","family":"Mugambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0607-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan","family":"Chacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8750-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harrison","family":"Rware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5132-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Muvea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5130-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent K.","family":"Kipngetich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Irrigation Authority  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8895-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justice","family":"Tambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Del\u00e9mont Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6388-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adewale","family":"Ogunmodede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Egham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1421-4101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djami","family":"Djeddour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Egham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8070-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corin F.","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Egham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5840-8058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Rwomushana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6772-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frances","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.390"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/CABICOMM-62-8149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"14","volume-title":"IRRI Discussion Paper Series No. 49","author":"Mohanty S","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/JDAE2017.0881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"NRDS National Rice Development Strategy\u20102 (2019\u20132030). 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